Rendimento e qualidade industrial de cultivares de trigo submetido à formas de parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada

Wheat is a winter cereal important for farm in the crop rotation scheme and, primarily to generate income. Nitrogen is the nutrient most required for the culture and is largely responsible for the yield and the composition of industrial breadmaking quality. The management of this nutrient is of paramount importance to provide N in all stages of the plant, being necessary to apply it in installments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of split nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and quality of two cultivars of bread wheat. Experiments were conducted in Pato Branco and Curitibanos in randomized block designer in a factorial scheme with three replications. Two bread wheat and 11 forms installment of nitrogen fertilization + control without N. Were used the cultivars BRS Gralha Azul and Quartzo. Was parceled 100 kg N ha-1 following: 100-00-00, 00-100-00, 00-60-40, 00-70-30, 00-80- 20, 60-00-40, 70-00-30, 80-00-20, 50-50-00, 70-30-00, 30-70-00, in double ring, terminal spyke and booting stages, respectively. Were evaluated the morphological characters, yield components, grain yield, Falker chlorophyll index, nitrogen content in plant tissue quality and industrial bakery. In both evaluation sites occurred drought stress on crop development. Grain yield and wheat baking quality were little influenced by split nitrogen fertilization, especially in lanes that showed high levels of organic matter in soil. The BRS Gralha Azul produced a high quality wheat bakery. The use of N in wheat baking quality and yield increases, but not enough to indicate the best way to answer parceling.O trigo é um cereal de inverno importante nas propriedades agrícolas no esquema de rotação de culturas e, principalmente para gerar renda. O nitrogênio é o nutriente exigido em maior quantidade pela cultura e o é grande responsável pelo rendimento de grãos e pela composição da qualidade industrial de panificação. O manejo desse nutriente é de suma importância para que se forneça N em todos os estádios da planta, sendo necessário aplicá-lo de forma parcelada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada sobre o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de panificação de dois cultivares de trigo. Conduziram-se experimentos em Pato Branco e Curitibanos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema bifatorial com três repetições. Foram testados dois cultivares de trigo e 11 formas de parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada + testemunha sem N. Foram utilizados os cultivares BRS Gralha Azul e Quartzo. Com exceção da testemunha, os tratamentos receberam 20 kg N ha-1 na semeadura, parcelando-se 100 kg N ha-1 da seguinte forma: 100-00-00, 00-100-00, 00-60-40, 00- 70-30, 00-80-20, 60-00-40, 70-00-30, 80-00-20, 50-50-00, 70-30-00, 30-70-00, no estádio de duplo anel, espigueta terminal e emborrachamento, respectivamente. Foram avaliados os caracteres morfológicos, componentes de rendimento, rendimento de grãos, índice de clorofila Falker, teor de nitrogênio no tecido vegetal e qualidade industrial de panificação. Nos dois locais de avaliação ocorreu estresse hídrico no desenvolvimento da cultura. O rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de panificação são pouco influenciados pelo parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada, especialmente em áreas que apresentam níveis elevados de matéria orgânica no solo. O cultivar BRS Gralha Azul produziu farinha de alta qualidade de panificação. A utilização de N na cultura do trigo aumenta o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de panificação, porém sem resposta suficiente para indicar a melhor forma de parcelamento

Surface applied lime dynamics and base saturation index in a consolidated no-tillage area

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of chemical properties and crop yields during five years after liming, in a consolidated no-tillage system area and indicate a base saturation index to serve as a criterion for recommendation. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four repetitions, being the treatments the five lime doses (0, 2.4, 4.8, 7.2 and 9.6 Mg ha-1) applied and maintained on the soil surface. Soil chemical properties were evaluated in eight soil sampling, in the layers 0 to 0.025; 0.025 to 0.05; 0.05 to 0.10; 0.10 to 0.15; 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.40 m, besides crop grain yield (wheat, soybean and corn) and black oat dry matter yield, totaling five years of evaluation. The surface liming in no-tillage system increased the exchangeable magnesium and calcium contents, base saturation and soil pH and reduced the exchangeable aluminum content. The cumulative grain yield (six crops) and black oat dry matter yield (three crops) was not influenced by liming. These results suggested, from this study conditions, that the value of 50% of base saturation should be adopted as a criterion for liming for crops implanted under consolidated no-tillage systems.The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of chemical properties and crop yields during five years after liming, in a consolidated no-tillage system area and indicate a base saturation index to serve as a criterion for recommendation. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four repetitions, being the treatments the five lime doses (0, 2.4, 4.8, 7.2 and 9.6 Mg ha-1) applied and maintained on the soil surface. Soil chemical properties were evaluated in eight soil sampling, in the layers 0 to 0.025; 0.025 to 0.05; 0.05 to 0.10; 0.10 to 0.15; 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.40 m, besides crop grain yield (wheat, soybean and corn) and black oat dry matter yield, totaling five years of evaluation. The surface liming in no-tillage system increased the exchangeable magnesium and calcium contents, base saturation and soil pH and reduced the exchangeable aluminum content. The cumulative grain yield (six crops) and black oat dry matter yield (three crops) was not influenced by liming. These results suggested, from this study conditions, that the value of 50% of base saturation should be adopted as a criterion for liming for crops implanted under consolidated no-tillage systems

Cover crops affect the partial nitrogen balance in a maize-forage cropping system

Part of the nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to crops is lost to the environment, contributing to global warming, eutrophication, and groundwater contamination. However, low N supply stimulates soil organic N turnover and carbon (C) loss, since the soil N/C ratio in soil is quasi-constant, ultimately resulting in land degradation. Grasses such as ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) grown as winter pasture or a cover crop in rotation with maize (Zea mays) can reduce N leaching, however, this may induce N deficiency and depress yields in the subsequent maize crop. Despite the potential to decrease N loss, this rotation may negatively affect the overall N balance of the cropping system. However, this remains poorly quantified. To test this hypothesis, maize, fertilized with zero to 210 kg N ha−1, was grown after ruzigrass, palisade grass (Urochloa brizanta) and Guinea grass (Pannicum maximum), and the N inputs, outputs and partial N balance determined. Despite the intrinsically poor soil quality associated with the tropical Ultisol, maize grown after the grasses was efficient in acquiring N, resulting in a negative N balance even when 210 kg ha−1 of N was applied after Guinea grass. Losses by leaching, N2O emission and NH3 volatilization did not exceed 13.8 kg ha−1 irrespective of the grass type. Despite a similar N loss among grasses, Guinea grass resulted in a higher N export in the maize grain due to a higher yield, resulting in a more negative N balance. Soil N depletion can lead to C loss, which can result in land degradation

Surface applied lime dynamics and base saturation index in a consolidated no-tillage area

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of chemical properties and crop yields during five years after liming, in a consolidated no-tillage system area and indicate a base saturation index to serve as a criterion for recommendation. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four repetitions, being the treatments the five lime doses (0, 2.4, 4.8, 7.2 and 9.6 Mg ha-1) applied and maintained on the soil surface. Soil chemical properties were evaluated in eight soil sampling, in the layers 0 to 0.025; 0.025 to 0.05; 0.05 to 0.10; 0.10 to 0.15; 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.40 m, besides crop grain yield (wheat, soybean and corn) and black oat dry matter yield, totaling five years of evaluation. The surface liming in no-tillage system increased the exchangeable magnesium and calcium contents, base saturation and soil pH and reduced the exchangeable aluminum content. The cumulative grain yield (six crops) and black oat dry matter yield (three crops) was not influenced by liming. These results suggested, from this study conditions, that the value of 50% of base saturation should be adopted as a criterion for liming for crops implanted under consolidated no-tillage systems.O objetivo foi avaliar o comportamento das propriedades químicas do solo e rendimento de culturas ao longo de cinco anos após calagem, em sistema de plantio direto consolidado, e sugerir um índice de saturação por bases que sirva de critério para recomendação. O experimento foi conduzido num delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo que os tratamentos foram cinco doses de calcário (0, 2,4, 4,8, 7,2 e 9,6 Mg ha-1) aplicadas em superfície. Avaliaram-se os atributos químicos do solo em oito coletas de solo, nas camadas de 0,0 a 0,025; 0,025 a 0,05; 0,05 a 0,10; 0,10 a 0,15; 0,15 a 0,20 e 0,20 a 0,40 m e a produtividade de grãos das culturas (trigo, soja e milho) e a massa seca de aveia preta, totalizando cinco anos de avaliação. A calagem superficial em sistema plantio direto aumentou os teores de magnésio e cálcio trocáveis, saturação por bases e o pH do solo e reduziu o teor de alumínio trocável. A calagem não elevou os rendimentos acumulados tanto de grãos (seis cultivos), como de massa seca de aveia (três cultivos). Sugere-se, a partir das condições encontradas neste trabalho, que o valor de 50% de saturação por bases seja adotado como critério de calagem para as principais culturas implantadas sob sistema de plantio direto consolidado

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications