Integrating call into english language teaching: using the online platform read theory as a strategy to reinforce the reading comprehension skills of high school students

El presente estudio sugiere un posible procedimiento paso a paso de la implementación de una plataforma en línea en clases de inglés en contextos de escuela secundaria. Por esa razón, el objetivo principal de este documento es defender el uso de la plataforma Read Theory como una estrategia para reforzar la comprensión lectora de los estudiantes de secundaria. La discusión se organizará en cinco secciones. En la primera sección, se definirán los términos CALL y reading comprehension. En la segunda sección, se presentará una breve reseña de la historia de CALL. En la tercera sección, se revisarán algunos estudios desarrollados en Asia, Europa y Colombia. Además, los hallazgos de estos estudios serán examinados. En la cuarta sección, se ofrecerá una descripción de los posibles pasos de procedimiento para la implementación de la propuesta pedagógica en las escuelas secundarias. Finalmente, en la última sección, se darán algunas conclusiones de este estudio

Diplomado de profundización cisco prueba de habilidades practicas ccnp

En el presente documento encontrara el desarrollo de las actividades evaluativas del diplomado de profundización CCNP, las diferentes actividades practicas corresponden al diseño y configuración de redes. Inicialmente se diseñará una topología de red haciendo uso del software GNS3, donde se configurarán los diferentes dispositivos que intervienen en esta red, se realizarán las configuraciones básicas, el direccionamiento de las interfaces, la configuración de VRFs en los tres enrutadores y el enrutamiento estático para lograr tener accesibilidad de un extremo a otro dentro de la red La configuración de las VRF y las rutas estáticas se realizarán teniendo en cuenta los lineamientos dados para el desarrollo del escenario propuesto, de la misma forma se realizará la configuración de capa 2 para soportar la conectividad con los dispositivos finales, en esta parte se trabajará con enlaces troncales, etherchannel y puertos de acceso que nos permitan tener conexión entre los diferentes dispositivos de la topología. Finalmente se trabajará con los diferentes mecanismos de seguridad en los dispositivos de la topología, donde se configurará un usuario local, nivel de privilegio y tipo de algoritmo que me permita implementar la seguridad y tener un control de acceso a los diferentes dispositivos de la red. Palabras clave: CISCO, CCNP, Conmutación, Enrutamiento, Redes, Electrónica.In this document you will find the development of the evaluation activities of the CCNP deepening diploma, the different practical activities correspond to the design and configuration of networks. Initially, a network topology will be designed using the GNS3 software, where the different devices involved in this network will be configured, the basic configurations will be carried out, the addressing of the interfaces, the configuration of VRFs in the three routers and the static routing for achieve accessibility from one end to another within the network. The configuration of the VRFs and the static routes will be carried out taking into account the guidelines given for the development of the proposed scenario, in the same way the configuration of layer 2 will be carried out to support connectivity with the end devices, in this part we will work with trunk links, etherchannel and access ports that allow us to have a connection between the different devices of the topology. Finally, we will work with the different security mechanisms in the topology devices, where a local user, privilege level and type of algorithm will be configured that allows me to implement security and have access control to the different devices on the network. Keywords: CISCO, CCNP, Switching, Routing, Networks, Electronics

Eficiencia de los insecticidas Engeo, Fiprogent, Buffago y 1345 (Galil), en el control de gusano blanco (Premnotrypes vorax Hustache) de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en Huaca, provincia del Carchi

Determinar los efectos positivos y negativos que provocó la “Evaluación de la eficiencia de los insecticidas. Engeo, Fiprogent, Buffago y 1345 (Galil), en el control de gusano blanco (Premnotrypes vorax) de la papa (Solanum tuberosum) en Huaca Provincia del Carchi.”Premnotrypes vorax Hustache se encuentra en la mayoría de las zonas productoras de papa del Ecuador, afectando la calidad de los tubérculos de 5 a más del 50%, para su control, la alternativa más utilizada por los agricultores es los insecticidas químicos. Con este fin, en el 2014, en la finca María, sector el Rosal del cantón Huaca, provincia del Carchi, se evaluaron 4 insecticidas: Engeo, Fiprogent, Buffago, 1345 (Galil) y un Testigo (sin insecticida) con tres dosis: sobredosis, dosis recomendada, y sub-dosis en un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar, en arreglo factorial A x B+1 con 4 repeticiones. La unidad experimental fue de 22m2 (5m x 4,4m) con 48 plantas de papa variedad única. La parcela neta se consideró a 20 plantas centrales con un área de 8,8m2. Los insecticidas se aplicaron a los 36, 60 y 90 días después de la siembra, dirigidas al tercio inferior de las plantas. Se consideraron las variables: eficiencia, incidencia, severidad, rendimiento y análisis económico de los datos. Los tratamientos con insecticidas fueron eficientes en 94 a 100%, incidencia de 0,40 a 5,80%, y severidad de 0,3 a 2,7% en contraste con el testigo que presentó eficiencia de 0%, incidencia de 61,2% y severidad de 60%. Los rendimientos alcanzados con los tratamientos fueron estadisticamente similares (T1 a T12), incluyendo el tratamiento testigo (T13), interpretándose que el gusano blanco no afectó esta variable, más bien se vio afectada la calidad de los tubérculos y el factor económico. El estudio determinó al insecticida Fiprogent (250cc/ha.), como el mejor, presentando 99% de eficiencia, con un bajo porcentaje de incidencia (2,5%), mínima severidad de daño (1,3%), con menor costos (100,5 $/ha.), y un alta tasa de retorno marginal (2726,32$/ha.).Ingenierí

Diseño de un plan de supervisión para el personal de servicios generales para garantizar el cuido, orden y limpieza de los salones de clases, servicios sanitarios y mantenimiento de áreas verde de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de El Salvador.

Se analizó la falta de aseo que se tienen en la universidad, observando la necesidad de mejorar la situación y tener un mejor estado de limpieza se solicita una entrevista presencial con el encargado del área de servicios generales de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Por la razón, que no existe mucha información en redes sociales y páginas web de la Universidad de El Salvador. Se Propone el plan de supervisión, que ayude a mejorar el cuido, orden y limpieza de los salones de clases, servicios sanitarios y mantenimiento de áreas verdes de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de El Salvador El Plan de supervisión se logró diseñar por medio del método analítico, en donde el análisis de los datos recopilados de las encuestas permitió estudiar cada uno de los elementos y variables del diseño de un Plan de Limpieza para la Facultad, identificando las principales razones por el cual se está dando el desaseo en las instalaciones; estableciendo los factores internos y externo. Se empleó una investigación descriptiva, explicativa y un diseño no experimental, lo cual se determinaron diferentes aspectos y solo se relatan los hallazgos determinados. Conclusiones 1. Contar con un presupuesto accesible por parte de las autoridades, para la compra de los insumos, herramientas y equipos de limpieza que son indispensables para el personal de servicios generales, que utilizan para cumplir con los deberes y obligaciones en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. 2. La falta de contratación de personal son algunas de las causas por el cual, se les asigna más tareas a unos más que a otros; por las experiencias vividas. 3. Las nuevas contrataciones del personal se ven amenazadas por los empleados antiguos, cuando estos no cumplen al 100% con las áreas de limpieza asignadas. ii 4. Los procesos burocráticos de las autoridades no permiten una contratación ágil del personal. Recomendaciones 1. Asignar el presupuesto destinado para la compra de insumos y equipos, herramientas para el área o departamento de servicios generales, por parte de las autoridades de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. 2. Crear el departamento de servicios generales y contratar más personal con experiencia para cubrir las vacantes y cumplir con las funciones requeridas por el área. 3. Establecer un marco normativo por parte del encargado del área de servicios generales, que servirían de orientación y guía el personal actual. 4. Crear un comité multidisciplinario con los miembros activos del área de servicios generales, para que supervise la jornada de limpieza a diario

OMAE 2007-29386 WET GAS SEPARATION IN GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE (GLCC) SEPARATOR

ABSTRACT A novel Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC ©1 ) , equipped with an Annular Film Extractor (AFE), for wet gas applications has been developed and studied experimentally and theoretically. Detailed experimental investigation of the modified GLCC has been carried out for low and high pressure conditions. The results show expansion of the operational envelope for liquid carry-over, and improved performance of the modified GLCC. For low pressures, the modified GLCC can remove all the liquid from the gas stream, resulting in zero liquid carry-over. For high pressure conditions, the GLCC with a single AFE has separation efficiency > 80% for gas velocity ratio of < 3. A mechanistic model and an aspect ratio design model for the modified GLCC has been developed, including the analysis of the AFE. The model predictions agree with the experimental data within ± 15% for low pressure and ± 25% for high pressure conditions. INTRODUCTION Effective gas-liquid separation is important not only to ensure that the required gas quality is achieved, but also to prevent problems in downstream process equipment and compressors. A common phenomenon in separation is the entrainment of liquid droplets in the gas stream, namely liquid-carry over (LCO). LCO must be avoided or reduced below a certain level. The API-12-J rule recommends liquid content in processed gas to be < 0.1 gal/mmscf, to guarantee efficient downstream processing. Once the bulk liquid is knocked out, which can be achieved in different separation facilities, the remaining liquid 1 GLCC -Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone -Copyright, The University of Tulsa, 1994. droplets that are entrained in the gas phase are separated using demisting devices. In the past, the petroleum industry has utilized conventional separation technology to eliminate LCO. Normally, this technology consists of vertical vessel-type devices like scrubbers, which are heavy and expensive. More recently, due to economic and operational constrains, the petroleum industry has shown keen interest in developing alternatives to conventional separators, in the form of compact separator. Compact separators are an attractive alternative to conventional separators, since they are compact, low weight, low cost and efficient separators that can reduce production cost. An example of a compact separator is the Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC © ) . As more and more GLCCs are installed in the field, the need for GLCCs for wet gas separation has become critical for the industry, for handling high gas rates, associated with Copyright © 2007 by ASME velocities above the onset to annular/mist flow velocity. The GLCC design is not optimized for these applications to handle the liquid carry-over in the form of droplets and annular liquid film. Although demisting devices can be installed in the gas leg to remove liquid particles from the gas stream, it may not be the best solution due to high pressure losses and maintenance costs. The objectives of this investigation are to study experimentally and theoretically the hydrodynamics of dispersed wet gas two-phase swirling flow in the upper section of the GLCC modified with the Annular Film Extractor (AFE). As part of the theoretical study a mechanistic model for the prediction of the complex flow behavior and the separation efficiency in the modified GLCC will be developed. The importance of this study is to enhance the GLCC technology for wet gas application. LITERATURE REVIEW Utilization of the GLCC compact separator for gas-liquid separation is a relatively new technology in the oil and gas industry. With more than 1300 in the field, GLCCs have become increasingly popular as attractive alternatives to conventional separators. Following is a brief review of pertinent studies published in the literature. Experimental Studies: A novel approach was presented by Theoretical Studies: Mechanistic modeling is based on the physical phenomena of the flow, tested and refined with experimental data. Several mechanistic models have been developed for the GLCC, as presented next. Based on their experimental investigation, a GLCC rudimentary mechanistic model was developed by Previously published bubble trajectory model for the GLCC was evaluated and enhanced by A mechanistic model for the prediction of the percent liquid carry-over beyond the LCO operational envelope, for churn flow conditions, was developed by Low Pressure Experimental Program The air-water low-pressure experimental facility used is a fully instrumented 2" diameter flow loop, capable of testing different separation equipment, or combined separation systems. The experimental system consists of three major sections: storage and metering section GLCC test section, and data acquisition system. Details of the flow loop are given in GLCC Test Section: The test section consists of a modified GLCC separator, as shown schematically in Annular Film Extractor (AFE): The main modification of the GLCC is made by adding an Annular Film Extractor (AFE) and a liquid return pipe, which is used to drain the extracted liquid from the AFE to the liquid leg, as show in The AFE is located 2 feet above the inlet and consists of a 101.6 ± 0.4 mm annular trap, a 25.4 ± 0.4 mm spacing gap between the vortex tube and the vortex finder and a 38.1 ± 0.4 mm ID liquid return pipe to the liquid leg. The upper end of the vortex tube is machined inside the pipe wall to form a small pipe extension with a sharp edge at the top. Similarly, the lower end of the vortex finder is machined outside to form a cone with a sharp edge at the bottom. The entire GLCC test section was made of a transparent acrylic pipe section. Gas, with high velocity, flows into the modified GLCC through the tangential inlet nozzle, creating swirl flow. The centrifugal force pushes the liquid droplets in the gas core towards the pipe wall, forming an upward swirling liquid film. The AFE removes part of the upward liquid film before the liquid is re-entrained into the gas core. Thus, the modified GLCC can operate at high gas velocities, large than 10.0 m/s, and still can tolerate relatively high superficial liquid velocities. A liquid control valve in the liquid leg is used to control the liquid level in the GLCC. Utilizing the liquid level signal provided by a differential pressure transducer, and a gas control valve in the gas leg is used to control the operating pressure, utilizing the pressure signal provided by an absolute pressure transducer. Experimental Results The experimental results for GLCC performance with the AFE include the operational envelopes for liquid carry-over and measurements of liquid extraction by the AFE. All the data were taken at 138 kPa (20 psia) and 22ºC (72ºF). A flow pattern map for the inlet section, based on the Taitel and Dukler (1976) model, is presented in Operational Envelope: The operational envelope for liquid carry-over is a plot of superficial gas velocity ( sg v ) versus the superficial liquid velocity ( sl v ) for the onset of liquid carry-over observed in the outlet gas stream. If the operational gas and liquid flow rates are below the operational envelope line, no liquid carry-over occurs. If the gas and liquid flow rates are over the operational envelope line, liquid carryover occurs. where e W is the Weber number that is equal to 8 for small droplets. Beyond this gas velocity, mist flow occurs at the upper part of the GLCC and liquid is carried over either by fine droplets or by liquid film along the pipe wall. For the modified GLCC, the operational envelope expands to higher gas velocities, as the AFE can remove all the liquid entrained. However, it terminates at a superficial gas velocity of 17.7 m/s (58 ft/s) (beyond ann v = 10.0 m/s) because of capacity limitation of the compressor. The operational envelope can extend further in the higher gas velocity region until the axial gas velocity is high enough to re-entrain liquid into the gas core. The modified GLCC can tolerate relatively high superficial liquid velocities up to 0.15 m/s (0.5 ft/s) Liquid Extraction: It is difficult to measure the liquid carry-over for a regular GLCC operating at high gas velocities due to the occurrence of annular/mist flow. However, a modified GLCC with an AFE can be used to indirectly measure the liquid carry-over for a regular GLCC operating at high gas .15 m/s, the amount of liquid extraction decreases with the increase of the gas velocity ratio initially, reaching a minimum at a gas velocity ratio of 1.88. Beyond this ratio, the amount of liquid extraction increases with increasing gas velocity ratio. However, at lower sl v (less than 0.12 m/s) the liquid extraction always increases with the increase of gas velocity ratio. This phenomenon can be explained physically through the inlet nozzle analysis. At higher liquid flow rates (exceeding 0.12 m/s), the liquid film level at the inlet nozzle is relatively high and is sensitive to the gas flow rate. With the increase of the gas flow rate, the liquid level decreases and is accelerated through the nozzle, resulting in more liquid being pushed downwards into the lower part of the GLCC, due to the inlet inclination. As a result, under this condition, the liquid extraction decreases with the increase of gas velocity ratio. However, when the minimum gas velocity ratio is reached, this nozzle effect is diminished and the gas core entrains more liquid as the velocity ratio increases. • The amount of liquid extraction increases with the increase of liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity. This can be expected intuitively due to the presence of more liquid in the upper part of the GLCC. • When the gas velocity ratio is below 1.35, no upward swirling liquid film is observed and no liquid is extracted into the AFE. • At high gas velocities (gas velocity ratio > 1.88), all the liquid extraction curves for the different liquid flow rates overlap. It can be noted that the percent liquid carry-over for a regular GLCC is in the range of 0.3-3.2% for the tested conditions. The percent liquid extraction can also be plotted for the same data but as function of inlet liquid loadings. The inlet liquid loading is defined as: ), the percent liquid extraction is much larger than that for lower liquid loading in the relatively lower gas velocity ratio region. For high gas velocity ratios larger than 1.88, the percent liquid extraction curves overlap for the different liquid loading values. High Pressure Experimental Program The high pressure test facility Colorado Engineering Experiment Station, Inc. (CEESI), located in Colorado, was utilized to study wet gas separation in a GLCC at high pressure. It is a close-loop test facility, which uses real hydrocarbons fluids. The liquid phase was Decane ( 0 API=50 and viscosity 0.4 cp) and the gas phase was mainly Methane (specific gravity 0.56 and viscosity 0.015 cp). The experimental data presented by After being separated in a downstream separator, the flow rate of the liquid and gas streams are measured and then combined to form a two-phase mixture, which is sent to the GLCC test section. To measure liquid separation efficiency of the GLCC separator, the separated gas stream is directed into a gas scrubber immediately downstream of the GLCC gas leg. Liquids removed by the annular film extractor and the scrubber represent the total liquid carry-over from the GLCC. These liquids are collected in a vertical pipe over a period of time. The experimental results include the measurements of liquid extraction in the AFE and also by the downstream scrubber. The data were taken at three different pressures, 1378 kPa, 3447 kPa, 6894 kPa, and at 32.2 ºC. Before showing the high-pressure results it is important to point out how the gas velocity for onset of annular/mist flow is affected by pressure. Experimental Results: For high pressure, two superficial liquid velocities, namely, 3.05 x 10-3 m/s and 3.05 x 10-2 m/s, were tested for different superficial gas velocities to obtain the amount of liquid extraction and the liquid separation efficiency. • The liquid separation efficiency decreases sharply with the increase of gas velocity ratio, implying that the amount of liquid carry-over is increased. • Until a gas velocity ratio of ann sg v v ≈ 3, the efficiency for the three different pressures is above 60 %. • The efficiency decreases with increased liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity. This behavior is expected due to the presence of more liquid. • The efficiency also decreases with increasing pressure for the same gas velocity. This behavior is due to the fact that the difference between the fluid densities is decreased with pressure. • The liquid separation efficiency trend in the modified GLCC separator exhibits a characteristic of being nearly constant up to a gas velocity ratio of ≈ 3. For these conditions the efficiency is above 90% for pressures of 1378, and 3447, kPa, and above 80% for pressure of 6894 kPa. Further increase of the gas velocity ratio results in liquid separation efficiency being decreased sharply. • The efficiency decreases with the increased of liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity, due to the presence of more liquid. • The efficiency also decreases with increasing pressure for the same gas velocity, as explained before. A plot of the liquid separation efficiency in a modified GLCC with a dual annular film extractor versus the gas velocity ratio, , is presented in • As shown before, the efficiency decreases with increasing liquid superficial velocity for the same gas velocity. • The efficiency decreases with the increase of pressure for the same gas velocity, due to the increase in the gas density. MECHANISTIC MODELING This chapter presents a mechanistic model developed in this study for the modified GLCC with an AFE. The model is composed of several sub-models published previously, as well as a new sub model for the AFE. A schematic of the modified GLCC is shown in The GLCC consists of a vertical pipe section (the separator) and an inclined pipe section (the inlet), both pipes are attached through a reducing area nozzle. The vertical pipe is divided by the nozzle into two sections, namely, the upper part and the lower part of the GLCC. The gas exits from the top of the GLCC through the gas leg, while the liquid exits from the bottom through the liquid leg. The AFE is located in the upper part of the GLCC, above the inlet. The extracted liquid flows through the liquid return line into the liquid leg. The amount of the liquid entrained in the outlet gas stream is defined as the "absolute liquid carry-over " (LCO). The ratio of the LCO to the total amount of liquid at the GLCC inlet defines the separation efficiency of the GLCC, and is given as In order to develop a model for the entire GLCC system, it is necessary to analyze the different components of the separator: 1) the inclined inlet section and reducing area nozzle (inlet analysis), and 2) the upper GLCC with the AFE (separation analysis). Note that by analyzing only the upper GLCC section, the system behavior is well defined, as the flow into the lower part of the GLCC is the difference between the flows of the inlet and the upper GLCC part. Inlet Analysis This analysis addresses the two-phase flow behavior at the inlet section, as shown schematically in where E M is the maximum entrainment, W LFC is the critical film mass flow rate below which atomization does not occur , d is the droplet diameter and A 2 = 9 x 10 -8 . The exponent m is m=0 for Newton's law and m=1 for Stoke's law. Upward Liquid Flow Split: In this study is it assumed that the upward liquid flow split fraction is related to the entrainment fraction at the inlet. The total upward liquid flow split fraction, S l , is composed of two components, at given below It is assumed that the inlet entrainment fraction (E) is equal to S l1 . Therefore, Eq. 5 has been modified for relatively low superficial liquid velocity (0.11 m/s or less) in order to predict the upward liquid flow split for low pressure data. The modified correlation incorporates the gas to liquid viscosity ratio, the nozzle to inlet section full bore diameter ratio, and the inclination angle of the inlet, resulting in an equation for the upward liquid flow split, 1 l S , as follows: where A 3 = 2.2 x10 -5 , θ the inlet inclination angle, A P is the inclined inlet full bore area, and A N is the nozzle area. The area ratio is used to consider the multiphase acceleration that take place in the nozzle. For the relatively high superficial liquid velocity (greater than 0.11 m/s) the liquid carry-over fraction for low pressure data exhibits a minimum, as shown in Inlet Nozzle Analysis: The flow behavior at the inlet nozzle determines the hydrodynamic flow conditions of the two-phases entering the GLCC. The inlet nozzle plays a significant role in accelerating the upstream flow. A mechanistic model to determine liquid film and gas core velocities through the inlet nozzle was developed by , where δ is liquid film thickness. Thus, the core velocity is given by where, the entrainment fraction, E is calculated based on the Eq. 5. Thus, the tangential velocity of the gas at the GLCC entrance is determined as ( Liquid Tangential Velocity: The liquid tangential velocity is based on the liquid film velocity at the inlet ( l v ), as given by . . and the no-slip mixture density in the core, c ρ , is given by It may be noted that, for extremely small values of δ (E ≈ 1), there is no separately identified liquid film and hence, all the liquid is entrained in the gas core. For this case of dispersed droplet flow, no liquid or gas tangential velocities are calculated, and the tangential velocity of the core is determined by using Eq. 14 for E = 1. The tangential velocities entering the GLCC determine the droplet behavior at the upper part of the GLCC. Separation Analysis A schematic of the separation analysis in the upper part of the GLCC is shown in Gas Swirling Flow Characterization: The inlet nozzle analysis provides the gas and liquid tangential velocities. The gas upward swirling flow model can be used to predict the minimum droplet size being forced onto the GLCC wall and removed by the AFE. A concept to quantify the swirling decay along the upper part of the GLCC was suggested by Further more, for simplicity, a linear tangential velocity distribution is adopted and given for any radial location, r , by Droplet Trajectory: A schematic of droplet trajectory occurring in the upper part of the GLCC is shown in The expression for radial droplet slip velocity is simplified by considering the swirling decay factor, Ω(z), yielding: Similarly, by balancing the gravitational/buoyancy and drag forces axially, the droplet slip velocity in the axial direction, as per Stokes' law, assuming laminar flow, is given as: The velocity used for the drag force calculation, v dd, is the resultant of the relative velocities of the droplet, and is given by ) ( ) ( Separation Efficiency The separation efficiency of the GLCC with AFE can be determined based on the droplet trajectory analysis presented in the previous section. The droplet size distribution used in this study was developed by Gomez (2002) based on the study presented by where D max and D min are the diameters of the largest droplet and smallest droplet, respectively. These diameters are determined based on the Weber number, and the continuous phase gas The minimum droplet diameter is determined from Eq. 29 using a Weber number of We = 8, while the maximum droplet size is calculated with a Weber number of We = 40. As the droplets formation strongly dependent on turbulence, a correlation was developed, as a function of the superficial gas velocity (which is the average gas velocity), to account for the effect of turbulence, as follow, The parameter ζ is given by: An illustration of the droplet size distribution is given in Finally, the separation efficiency can be determined by combining Eqs. 3 and 33, namely, .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents analysis and discussion of the acquired experimental data, and comparison between the predictions of the wet gas GLCC mechanistic model and the experimental data. Upward Liquid Flow Split -Comparison between Data and Model Predictions Low Pressure: The effect of the data uncertainty can be added to this analysis by comparing the separation efficiency values from the data and model, including the effect of data uncertainty and the effect of model uncertainty. The maximum data uncertainty was determined to be ±9.48 %. The model uncertainty can be determined by carrying out a sensitivity analysis for the model, by changing the liquid and gas flowrate and the pressure. The variation in the liquid flowrate, gas flowrate and pressure was estimated in 10%. CONCLUSIONS The following have been accomplished during this study on a novel wet gas GLCC: • A modified GLCC for wet gas applications, with an Annular Film Extractor (AFE), has been developed and tested. The AFE and the liquid return pipe enable the GLCC to be operated at high gas velocities (beyond the velocity for onset of annular/mist flow, ann v ) without liquid carry-over in the gas stream. • Detailed experimental investigations have been conducted for low pressure (water-air system) and high pressure (liquid-gas hydrocarbon system) to evaluate the performance of the modified GLCC in terms of operational envelope for liquid carry-over and liquid extraction by the AFE at high gas velocities. • The modified GLCC separation mechanism is the high centrifugal forces, generate by the high inlet gas velocity, pushing the liquid droplets to th

La Imagen y la Narrativa como Herramientas para el Abordaje Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia en el Departamento de Nariño

A través de la lectura crítica y comprensiva de los casos planteados de situaciones de violencia en Colombia y el abordaje psicosocial aplicado como técnica de reconocimiento de los escenarios de violencia presentados, se realiza un análisis de relatos cuyo eje común es el desplazamiento, las situaciones de violencia, amenazas, contextos de hostigamientos y otras actitudes hostiles que han vivido y marcado la vida de los protagonistas, desencadenando así muchas actitudes en contra de los individuos, sus familias y la comunidad en general. Posterior a ello es necesario la elección de un relato de los presentados y su respectivo análisis desde el punto de vista del psicólogo en formación para la determinación de los efectos e impactos psicosociales sufridos por el protagonista y su entorno, enfatizando en las consecuencias psicológicas y sociales del flagelo de la violencia y el desplazamiento, construyendo una serie de preguntas de tipo circular, reflexivo y estratégico que permitan un análisis más profundo sobre la situación estudiada. Siguiendo con el marco de escenarios de violencia, se trabaja sobre el caso “Peñas Coloradas” en el cual se identifica el desplazamiento, pero suscitado por parte de quien se supone debería proteger a las comunidades, en este caso dado por el hostigamiento militar, con efectos sobre la salud mental infundados en el miedo y la incertidumbre individual y colectiva. Como punto final se analiza, a través del planteamiento de estrategias de intervención por parte del psicólogo en formación para ayudar a identificar, mitigar y prevenir los efectos psicológicos a causa de los hechos violentos vividos por la comunidad en cuestión. Por último se realiza un informe de tipo analítico y reflexivo sobre la actividad de Foto Voz realizada en el paso anterior, en donde se aborda, a través de imágenes, las características, consecuencias y experiencias en los distintos contextos visitados, con énfasis en los procesos de reconstrucción.Through a critical and comprehensive reading of the cases raised of situations of violence in Colombia and the psychosocial approach applied as a technique to recognize the scenarios of violence presented, an analysis of stories whose common axis is displacement, situations of violence, threats, harassment contexts and other hostile attitudes that have lived and marked the lives of the protagonists, thus triggering many attitudes against individuals, their families and the community in general. After this, it is necessary to choose a story from those presented and their respective analysis from the point of view of the psychologist in training for the analysis and determination of the psychosocial effects and impacts suffered by the protagonist and his environment, emphasizing the psychological consequences and social problems of the scourge of violence and displacement, constructing a series of circular, reflective and strategic questions that allow a more in-depth analysis of the situation studied. Continuing with the framework of violence scenarios, we work on the case "Peñas Coloradas" in which the displacement is identified but caused by who is supposed to protect the communities, in this case due to military harassment, with effects on mental health unfounded in fear and individual and collective uncertainty. As a final point, it is analyzed through the proposal of intervention strategies by the psychologist in training to help identify, mitigate and prevent the psychological effects caused by the violent events experienced by the community in question. Finally, an analytical and reflective report is made on the Photo Voice activity carried out in the previous step, where the characteristics, consequences and experiences in the different contexts visited are addressed through images, with emphasis on the processes of reconstruction

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Improved risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation: an integrated GARFIELD-AF tool for the prediction of mortality, stroke and bleed in patients with and without anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an accurate, web-based tool for stratifying patients with atrial fibrillation to facilitate decisions on the potential benefits/risks of anticoagulation, based on mortality, stroke and bleeding risks. DESIGN: The new tool was developed, using stepwise regression, for all and then applied to lower risk patients. C-statistics were compared with CHA2DS2-VASc using 30-fold cross-validation to control for overfitting. External validation was undertaken in an independent dataset, Outcome Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). PARTICIPANTS: Data from 39 898 patients enrolled in the prospective GARFIELD-AF registry provided the basis for deriving and validating an integrated risk tool to predict stroke risk, mortality and bleeding risk. RESULTS: The discriminatory value of the GARFIELD-AF risk model was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc for patients with or without anticoagulation. C-statistics (95% CI) for all-cause mortality, ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism and haemorrhagic stroke/major bleeding (treated patients) were: 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78), 0.69 (0.67 to 0.71) and 0.66 (0.62 to 0.69), respectively, for the GARFIELD-AF risk models, and 0.66 (0.64-0.67), 0.64 (0.61-0.66) and 0.64 (0.61-0.68), respectively, for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). In very low to low risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc 0 or 1 (men) and 1 or 2 (women)), the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED (for bleeding) scores offered weak discriminatory value for mortality, stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding. C-statistics for the GARFIELD-AF risk tool were 0.69 (0.64 to 0.75), 0.65 (0.56 to 0.73) and 0.60 (0.47 to 0.73) for each end point, respectively, versus 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55), 0.59 (0.50 to 0.67) and 0.55 (0.53 to 0.56) for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). Upon validation in the ORBIT-AF population, C-statistics showed that the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was effective for predicting 1-year all-cause mortality using the full and simplified model for all-cause mortality: C-statistics 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77) and 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77), respectively, and for predicting for any stroke or systemic embolism over 1 year, C-statistics 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Performance of the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc in predicting stroke and mortality and superior to HAS-BLED for bleeding, overall and in lower risk patients. The GARFIELD-AF tool has the potential for incorporation in routine electronic systems, and for the first time, permits simultaneous evaluation of ischaemic stroke, mortality and bleeding risks. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362) and for ORBIT-AF (NCT01165710)

Two-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation: results from GARFIELD-AF.

AIMS: The relationship between outcomes and time after diagnosis for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is poorly defined, especially beyond the first year. METHODS AND RESULTS: GARFIELD-AF is an ongoing, global observational study of adults with newly diagnosed NVAF. Two-year outcomes of 17 162 patients prospectively enrolled in GARFIELD-AF were analysed in light of baseline characteristics, risk profiles for stroke/systemic embolism (SE), and antithrombotic therapy. The mean (standard deviation) age was 69.8 (11.4) years, 43.8% were women, and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.3 (1.6); 60.8% of patients were prescribed anticoagulant therapy with/without antiplatelet (AP) therapy, 27.4% AP monotherapy, and 11.8% no antithrombotic therapy. At 2-year follow-up, all-cause mortality, stroke/SE, and major bleeding had occurred at a rate (95% confidence interval) of 3.83 (3.62; 4.05), 1.25 (1.13; 1.38), and 0.70 (0.62; 0.81) per 100 person-years, respectively. Rates for all three major events were highest during the first 4 months. Congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndromes, sudden/unwitnessed death, malignancy, respiratory failure, and infection/sepsis accounted for 65% of all known causes of death and strokes for <10%. Anticoagulant treatment was associated with a 35% lower risk of death. CONCLUSION: The most frequent of the three major outcome measures was death, whose most common causes are not known to be significantly influenced by anticoagulation. This suggests that a more comprehensive approach to the management of NVAF may be needed to improve outcome. This could include, in addition to anticoagulation, interventions targeting modifiable, cause-specific risk factors for death. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362