Physical-preparation recommendations for elite rugby sevens performance

Rugby sevens, a sport new to the Olympics, features high-intensity intermittent running and contact efforts more than short match durations, normally 6 times across 2 to 3 d in a tournament format. Elite rugby sevens seasons often include over a dozen competitive tournaments over less than 9 months, demanding deliberate and careful training-stress balance and workload management alongside development of the necessary physical qualities required for competition. Focus on running and repeated power skills, strength, and match-specific conditioning capacities is advised. Partial taper approaches in combination with high-speed running (>5 m/s from GPS measures) before and between tournaments in succession may reduce injury rates and enhance performance. In a sport with substantial long-haul intercontinental travel and repetitive chronic load demands, management of logistics including nutrition and recovery is inclusive of the formula for success in the physical preparation of elite rugby sevens athletes

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Managing training-induced interferences : energetic workouts and neuromuscular training

La préparation physique du joueur de rugby requière le développement simultané des qualités de force et d’endurance (Duthie et coll., 2003) et nécessite alors la combinaison d’efforts antagonistes pouvant induire un « conflit physiologique » au sein de l’organisme. Hickson (1980) fut le premier chercheur à mettre en évidence que la combinaison des qualités de force et d’endurance, au sein d’une même programmation, semble interférer sur le développement des qualités neuromusculaires. Cette interférence semblerait intervenir préférentiellement sur la production de force à vitesse rapide, la puissance et l’explosivité et concernerait essentiellement les groupes musculaires mobilisés au cours des deux formes d’entraînements. Plusieurs hypothèses, telles que la fatigue et les adaptations physiologiques contradictoires, ont été mises en avant pour expliquer ce phénomène. A l’inverse, l’entraînement de musculation ne semble pas présenter d’effets négatifs sur les adaptations oxydatives. Plusieurs variables, liées à la programmation de l’entraînement, influenceraient l’interférence sur le développement de la force. L’objectif général de ce travail de recherche sera alors d’étudier les effets de différentes configurations d’entraînement permettant de limiter l’intervention du phénomène interférentiel. Dans une première étude, nous avons mis en évidence une fatigue aigue induite par différents types d’entraînements d’endurance de haute intensité pouvant aller jusqu’à 24h. Ces résultats mettaient alors en avant la pertinence de placer les séances qualitatives de force avant celles d’endurance au sein d’une programmation combinée. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons proposé de vérifier l’effet du temps de récupération entre les séances de force et d’endurance sur les adaptations neuromusculaires et oxydatives. Il s’avérerait alors qu’une durée de récupération de 24h soit plus efficace sur les gains de force et de VO2pic qu’une durée intermédiaire de 6h. Enfin, dans une troisième étude, nous nous sommes centrés sur les effets du type d’entraînement aérobie de haute intensité sur les adaptations physiologiques. L’entraînement de répétition de sprints longs perturberait davantage les gains de force à l’issue d’une période combinée caractérisée pourtant par 24h de récupération entre les séances. Ce type d’entraînement induirait en revanche des gains plus importants de VO2pic et de la performance moyenne au cours d’un test de sprints répétés qu’un entraînement intermittent court.Physical training of rugby players requires simultaneous development of strength and endurance qualities (Duthie et al., 2003) and therefore the combination of antagonistic exercises inducing a "physiological conflict". Hickson (1980) was the first to demonstrate that the combination of strength and endurance qualities within a same program seems to reduce the development of neuromuscular qualities. This interference would impair preferentially maximal strength production at fast velocity, maximal power and explosivity and would concern mainly muscle groups solicited during the two forms of training (strength and aerobic). Several hypotheses, such as fatigue and conflicting physiological adaptations have been put forward to explain the interference. Conversely, strength training does not appear to have negative effects on oxidative adaptations. Many variables related to schedule of training, would influence the impairment of strength quality development. The main aim of this research was to measure the effects of different configurations of training in order to limit the interference on neuromuscular adaptations. In a first study, we emphasized an acute fatigue up to 24 hours induced by different types of high-intensity interval training. These results showed the relevance to program strength before endurance sessions during a concurrent training program. Then, in a second study, we proposed to measure the effect of recovery delay between strength and aerobic sessions on neuromuscular and oxidative adaptations. We observed a 24h recovery period was more effective than lower duration of 6h on strength gains and VO2peak. Last, in a third study, we focused on the effects of the type of high-intensity interval training. Sprint interval training would more impair strength gains after a concurrent training period, despite 24h recovery delay between sessions. However, this type of training would induce greater gains of VO2peak and consequently of repeated sprint ability than short intermittent training

Gestion des interférences liées au développement des qualités énergétiques et neuromusculaires

Physical training of rugby players requires simultaneous development of strength and endurance qualities (Duthie et al., 2003) and therefore the combination of antagonistic exercises inducing a "physiological conflict". Hickson (1980) was the first to demonstrate that the combination of strength and endurance qualities within a same program seems to reduce the development of neuromuscular qualities. This interference would impair preferentially maximal strength production at fast velocity, maximal power and explosivity and would concern mainly muscle groups solicited during the two forms of training (strength and aerobic). Several hypotheses, such as fatigue and conflicting physiological adaptations have been put forward to explain the interference. Conversely, strength training does not appear to have negative effects on oxidative adaptations. Many variables related to schedule of training, would influence the impairment of strength quality development. The main aim of this research was to measure the effects of different configurations of training in order to limit the interference on neuromuscular adaptations. In a first study, we emphasized an acute fatigue up to 24 hours induced by different types of high-intensity interval training. These results showed the relevance to program strength before endurance sessions during a concurrent training program. Then, in a second study, we proposed to measure the effect of recovery delay between strength and aerobic sessions on neuromuscular and oxidative adaptations. We observed a 24h recovery period was more effective than lower duration of 6h on strength gains and VO2peak. Last, in a third study, we focused on the effects of the type of high-intensity interval training. Sprint interval training would more impair strength gains after a concurrent training period, despite 24h recovery delay between sessions. However, this type of training would induce greater gains of VO2peak and consequently of repeated sprint ability than short intermittent training.La préparation physique du joueur de rugby requière le développement simultané des qualités de force et d’endurance (Duthie et coll., 2003) et nécessite alors la combinaison d’efforts antagonistes pouvant induire un « conflit physiologique » au sein de l’organisme. Hickson (1980) fut le premier chercheur à mettre en évidence que la combinaison des qualités de force et d’endurance, au sein d’une même programmation, semble interférer sur le développement des qualités neuromusculaires. Cette interférence semblerait intervenir préférentiellement sur la production de force à vitesse rapide, la puissance et l’explosivité et concernerait essentiellement les groupes musculaires mobilisés au cours des deux formes d’entraînements. Plusieurs hypothèses, telles que la fatigue et les adaptations physiologiques contradictoires, ont été mises en avant pour expliquer ce phénomène. A l’inverse, l’entraînement de musculation ne semble pas présenter d’effets négatifs sur les adaptations oxydatives. Plusieurs variables, liées à la programmation de l’entraînement, influenceraient l’interférence sur le développement de la force. L’objectif général de ce travail de recherche sera alors d’étudier les effets de différentes configurations d’entraînement permettant de limiter l’intervention du phénomène interférentiel. Dans une première étude, nous avons mis en évidence une fatigue aigue induite par différents types d’entraînements d’endurance de haute intensité pouvant aller jusqu’à 24h. Ces résultats mettaient alors en avant la pertinence de placer les séances qualitatives de force avant celles d’endurance au sein d’une programmation combinée. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons proposé de vérifier l’effet du temps de récupération entre les séances de force et d’endurance sur les adaptations neuromusculaires et oxydatives. Il s’avérerait alors qu’une durée de récupération de 24h soit plus efficace sur les gains de force et de VO2pic qu’une durée intermédiaire de 6h. Enfin, dans une troisième étude, nous nous sommes centrés sur les effets du type d’entraînement aérobie de haute intensité sur les adaptations physiologiques. L’entraînement de répétition de sprints longs perturberait davantage les gains de force à l’issue d’une période combinée caractérisée pourtant par 24h de récupération entre les séances. Ce type d’entraînement induirait en revanche des gains plus importants de VO2pic et de la performance moyenne au cours d’un test de sprints répétés qu’un entraînement intermittent court

Concurrent Training Programming: The Acute Effects of Sprint Interval Exercise on the Subsequent Strength Training

Exercise modality has been proposed to reduce the interferences between aerobic and resistance sessions during concurrent training. The aim of the study was to examine the acute effects of cycling or running sprint interval exercise on subsequent resistance training sessions. Twenty-five competitive male rugby union players were recruited. Players were tested during three conditions: CONTROL (resistance training session only), CYCLE and RUN (corresponding to a concurrent training scheme with cycling or running sprint interval exercise conducted on the morning, followed by a resistance training session). Four hours rest was proposed between the aerobic and resistance training session. Muscle performance (bar velocity during bench press and box squat, counter movement jump height) and subjective ratings (rate of perceived exertion, wellbeing) were assessed during and after aerobic or resistance training sessions. No significant difference was observed for muscle performance (vertical jump height and bar velocity). However, significant higher perceived exertion and low-value scaled subjective wellbeing were observed in RUN (7.7 ± 1.1 and 17.9 ± 4.1, respectively) as compared with the two other conditions (6.7 ± 1.5 and 21.1 ± 3.6 for CONTROL and 7.4 ± 1.1 and 20.1 ± 3.9 for CYCLE). It was concluded that the exercise modality (running or cycling) during the aerobic exercise using a sprint interval exercise did not impact the quality of the resistance session. However, subjective ratings were affected the following days. Cycling exercises might be more adequate when performing a sprint interval training session during concurrent training programs

Concurrent Training in Rugby Sevens: Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercises

International audiencePurpose:To assess the impact of two high-intensity interval training (HIT) programs (short-interval vs. sprint-interval training) on muscular strength and aerobic performances within a concurrent training program in amateur rugby sevens players.Methods:Thirty six amateur rugby sevens players were randomly assigned to either strength and short interval training (INT), strength and sprint interval training (SIT) or a strength only training group (CON), during an 8-week period. Maximal strength and power tests, aerobic measurements (VO2peak and maximal aerobic velocity) and specific repeated sprint ability test (RSA) were conducted before and immediately after the overall training period.Results:From magnitude-based inference and effect size (ES±90% confidence limit) analyses, the present study revealed substantial gains in maximal strength and jump height performance in all groups. The difference in change of slow-concentric torque production was greater in CON than in SIT (0.65±0.72, moderate). VO2peak and consequently mean performance in the RSA test were improved in SIT group only (0.64±0.29, moderate; -0.54±0.35, moderate).Conclusions:Our study did not emphasize interference on strength development following INT but showed a slight impairment of slow-concentric torque production gains following SIT. As compared with INT, SIT would appear as more effective to develop VO2peak and RSA but could induce lower muscular strength gains especially at slow velocity

Concurrent Training in Rugby Sevens: Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercises

Purpose: To assess the impact of 2 high-intensity interval-training (HIT) programs (short interval vs sprint interval training) on muscle strength and aerobic performances in a concurrent training program in amateur rugby sevens players. Methods: Thirty-six amateur rugby sevens players were randomly assigned to strength and short interval training (INT), strength and sprint interval training (SIT), or a strength-only training group (CON) during an 8-wk period. Maximal strength and power tests, aerobic measurements (peak oxygen uptake [VO 2 peak] and maximal aerobic velocity), and a specific repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test were conducted before and immediately after the overall training period. Results: From magnitude-based inference and effect size (ES ± 90% confidence limit) analyses, the current study revealed substantial gains in maximal strength and jump-height performance in all groups. The difference in change of slow concentric torque production was greater in CON than in SIT (0.65 ± 0.72, moderate). VO 2 peak and, consequently, mean performance in the RSA test were improved in the SIT group only (0.64 ± 0.29, moderate; –0.54 ± 0.35, moderate). Conclusions: The study did not emphasize interference on strength development after INT but showed a slight impairment of slow concentric torque production gains after SIT. Compared with INT, SIT would appear to be more effective to develop VO 2 peak and RSA but could induce lower muscle-strength gains, especially at low velocity

Specific Training Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Exercises Depend on Recovery Duration

International audienceRobineau, J, Babault, N, Piscione, J, Lacome, M, and Bigard, AX. Specific training effects of concurrent aerobic and strength exercises depend on recovery duration. J Strength Cond Res 30( 3): 672- 683, 2016- This study aimed to determine whether the duration ( 0, 6, or 24 hours) of recovery between strength and aerobic sequences influences the responses to a concurrent training program. Fifty- eight amateur rugby players were randomly assigned to control ( CONT), concurrent training ( C- 0h, C- 6h, or C- 24h), or strength training ( STR) groups during a 7- week training period. Two sessions of each quality were proposed each week with strength always performed before aerobic training. Neuromuscular and aerobic measurements were performed before and immediately after the overall training period. Data were assessed for practical significance using magnitude- based inference. Gains in maximal strength for bench press and half squat were lower in C- 0h compared with that in C- 6h, C- 24h, and STR. The maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC) during isokinetic knee extension at 60 degrees s(-1) was likely higher for C- 24h compared with C- 0h. Changes in MVC at 180 degrees s(-1) was likely higher in C- 24h and STR than in C- 0h and C- 6h. Training- induced gains in isometric MVC for C- 0h, C- 6h, C- 24h, and STR were unclear. VO2peak increased in C- 0h, C- 6h, and C- 24h. Training- induced changes in VO2peak were higher in C- 24h than in C- 0h and C- 6h. Our study emphasized that the interference on strength development depends on the recovery delay between the 2 sequences. Daily training without a recovery period between sessions ( C- 0h) and, to a lesser extent, training twice a day ( C- 6h), is not optimal for neuromuscular and aerobic improvements. Fitness coaches should avoid scheduling 2 contradictory qualities, with less than 6-hour recovery between them to obtain full adaptive responses to concurrent training

The Travel Demands of an Elite Rugby Sevens Team: Effects on Objective and Subjective Sleep Parameters

Purpose: To explore the effects of travel related to international rugby sevens competition on sleep patterns. Methods: A total of 17 international male rugby sevens players participated in this study. Actigraphic and subjective sleep assessments were performed daily during 2 separate Sevens World Series competition legs (Oceania and America). The duration of each competition leg was subdivided into key periods (pretour, precompetition, tournament 1, relocation, tournament 2, and posttour) lasting 2 to 7 nights. Linear mixed models in combination with magnitude-based decisions were used to assess (1) the difference between preseason and key periods and (2) the effect of travel direction (eastward or westward). Results: Shorter total sleep time (hours:minutes) was observed during tournament 2 (mean [SD], 06:16 [01:08]), relocation (06:09 [01:09]), and the pretour week (06:34 [01:24]) compared with the preseason (06:52 [01:00]). Worse sleep quality (arbitrary units) was observed during tournament 1 (6.1 [2.0]) and 2 (5.7 [1.2]), as well as during the relocation week (6.3 [1.5]) than during the preseason (6.5 [1.8]). When traveling eastward compared with westward, earlier fall-asleep time was observed during tournament 1 (ES - 0.57; 90% CI, -1.12 to -0.01), the relocation week (-0.70 [-1.11 to -0.28]), and the posttour (-0.57 [-0.95 to -0.18]). However, possibly trivial and unclear differences were observed during the precompetition week (0.15 [-0.15 to 0.45]) and tournament 2 (0.81 [-0.29 to 1.91]). Conclusion: The sleep patterns of elite rugby sevens players are robust to the effects of long-haul travel and jet lag. However, the staff should consider promoting sleep during the tournament and relocation week