A Century Old Problem: Federal Or State Law As Determinative Of A Directed Verdict In A Federal Court

The laws of the several states, except where the Constitution or Treaties of the United States or Acts of Congress otherwise require or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in civil actions in the courts of the United States, in cases where they apply. \u27 So states the commandment by the Congress of the United States which gov- erns the applicability of state law in all federal civil actions wherein jurisdiction is founded upon diversity of citizenship

Are Career Termination Concerns Only for Athletes? A Case Study of the Career Termination of an Elite Female Coach

This paper presents a case study of an elite female coach and her career termination from a 20+ year career following a critical life incident. A novel autobiographical approach was adopted whereby the participant undertook expressive writing to describe her experiences prior to, during, and following coaching an athlete at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. Thematic analysis indicated seven phases related to the participant’s experiences of the critical incident: Build up to the event, the event, the aftermath, recovery and reflection on the event, sampling of new avenues, enlightenment, and career re-birth. The findings reinforce the high demands placed upon elite coaches, the subsequent threats to physical and mental well-being, and the importance of having robust psychological skills and suitable social support to cope with these demands. Implications for preparing and supporting coaches for successful career transition are discussed

Integral Field Spectroscopy of a peculiar Supernova Remnant MF16 in NGC6946

We present a study of a peculiar Supernova Remnant MF16, associated with the Ultraluminous X-ray Source (ULX) NGC6946 ULX-1. Observations were taken with the MultiPupil Fiber Spectrograph (MPFS) with 6-m telescope on January 2005. The nebula is found to be highly asymmetric, one of the parts being much denser and colder. The two-component structure of the emission lines and radial velocity gradient argue for a non-spherical nebula, expanding with a velocity of about 100 km/s. Neither shock models nor the X-ray emission can adequately explain the actual emission line spectrum of MF16, so we suggest an additional ultraviolet source with a luminosity of about 10E40 erg/s. We confirm coincidence of the ULX with the central star, and identify radio emission observed by VLA with the most dense part of the nebula.Comment: Proceedings of the ESO and Euro3D Workshop "Science Perspectives for 3D Spectroscopy", Garching (Germany), October 10-14, 2005. M. Kissler-Patig, M.M. Roth and J.R. Walsh (eds.

Multifactorial evaluation of atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine and ibuprofen on raphidocelis subcapitata and chlorella vulgaris

Micropollutants in aquatic resources have raised global concerns regarding the conservation of ecosystems. Although they are usually found in the environment at trace concentrations to a maximum of several µg/L, it is still necessary to address the potential risks these pollutants may represent to organisms. A multifactor analysis was conducted using two algae as bioindicators. Four different pharmaceuticals were chosen based on their occurrence in domestic wastewaters and persistency after biological treatment processes ranging from 1/8th to four-fold representative environmental concentrations over 96 h exposure. The present multifactor analysis evaluated cell size, photosynthetic capacity and growth rate. These data were later combined into a simplified single entity: “the index effect”. The results obtained showed that, even at concentrations below the environmentally relevant concentrations (ERC), the pharmaceuticals’ residues (PRs), caused a cellular behavioural variation in both organisms. In addition, the algae cultures’ response to exposure to these stressors was generally dependent on the concentration over time. By examining four different PR over three different characteristics of two types of algal bioindicators, this work covers significant and specific responses on the algae exposure cycle. This is unique research since most studies do not consider multiple parameters in the assessment of the environment risk for bioindicators

The Cellular Location of Self-antigen Determines the Positive and Negative Selection of Autoreactive B Cells

Systemic autoimmune disease is frequently characterized by the production of autoantibodies against widely expressed intracellular self-antigens, whereas B cell tolerance to ubiquitous and highly expressed extracellular antigens is strictly enforced. To test for differences in the B cell response to intracellular and extracellular self-antigens, we sequestered a tolerogenic cell surface antigen intracellularly by addition of a two amino acid endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal. In contrast to cell surface antigen, which causes the deletion of autoreactive B cells, the intracellularly sequestered self-antigen failed to induce B cell tolerance and was instead autoimmunogenic. The intracellular antigen positively selected antigen-binding B cells to differentiate into B1 cells and induced large numbers of IgM autoantibody-secreting plasma cells in a T-independent manner. By analyzing the impact of differences in subcellular distribution independently from other variables, such as B cell receptor affinity, antigen type, or tissue distribution, we have established that intracellular localization of autoantigen predisposes for autoantibody production. These findings help explain why intracellular antigens are targeted in systemic autoimmune diseases

Hierarchies of resources for measurement-based quantum computation

For certain restricted computational tasks, quantum mechanics provides a provable advantage over any possible classical implementation. Several of these results have been proven using the framework of measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC), where nonlocality and more generally contextuality have been identified as necessary resources for certain quantum computations. Here, we consider the computational power of MBQC in more detail by refining its resource requirements, both on the allowed operations and the number of accessible qubits. More precisely, we identify which Boolean functions can be computed in non-adaptive MBQC, with local operations contained within a finite level in the Clifford hierarchy. Moreover, for non-adaptive MBQC restricted to certain subtheories such as stabiliser MBQC, we compute the minimal number of qubits required to compute a given Boolean function. Our results point towards hierarchies of resources that more sharply characterise the power of MBQC beyond the binary of contextuality vs non-contextuality

The trace anomaly and the parton model

The trace anomaly is relevant to the renormalisation of the unpolarised parton distributions. The role of the trace anomaly in F_2 is compared with the axial anomaly in g_1.Comment: 7 pages + 2 Figues appended as .ps file at the end, plain LaTeX, Cavendish preprint HEP 94/

First evidence of industrial fly-ash in an Antarctic ice core

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) are a component of fly-ash, the particulate by-product of industrial high temperature combustion of fuel-oil and coal-series fuels. We provide the first evidence that these indelible markers of industrialisation have been deposited in Antarctic ice, thousands of kilometres from any potential source. The earliest observed particle was deposited in an ice layer from 1936 CE. While depositional fluxes are low, chemical analysis of individual SCPs indicates a coal combustion origin

Confinement and scaling in deep inelastic scattering

We show that parton confinement in the final state generates large $1/Q^2$ corrections to Bjorken scaling, thus leaving less room for the logarithmic corrections. In particular, the $x$-scaling violations at large $x$ are entirely described in terms of power corrections. For treatment of these non-perturbative effects, we derive a new expansion in powers of $1/Q^2$ for the structure function that is free of infra-red singularities and which reduces corrections to the leading term. The leading term represents scattering from an off-mass-shell parton, which keeps the same virtual mass in the final state. It is found that this quasi-free term is a function of a new variable $\bar x$, which coincides with the Bjorken variable $x$ for $Q^2\to\infty$. The two variables are very different, however, at finite $Q^2$. In particular, the variable $\bar x$ depends on the invariant mass of the spectator particles. Analysis of the data at large $x$ shows excellent scaling in the variable $\bar x$, and determines the value of the diquark mass to be close to zero. $\bar x$-scaling allows us to extract the structure function near the elastic threshold. It is found to behave as $F_2\sim (1-x)^{3.7}$. Predictions for the structure functions based on $\bar x$-scaling are made.Comment: Discussion of target mass corrections is added. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.