A ORGANIZAÇÃO COOPERATIVA E SEUS PRINCÃPIOS DEMOCRÃTICOS

The setting of a cooperative takes place the moment people holding common interests and wishing to reach common goals, voluntarily unite under a free-adhesion scheme to democratically manage their enterprise taking all benefits and risks involved in cooperative activities. The cooperative organization is structured under ethical principles which distinguish them from other organizations. It is an organization based on democratic theorical principles like solidarity and equalness constituting the bases of their associates´ participation in the decision-making process and which, in its turn, may grant the citizenry formation of its members. In order to understand the cooperative principles a literature review was carried out, ranging authors of several conceptual palletes, including the ideologists of the utopian cooperativism who deal with the solidarity and equality theme as principles of democratic organizations in cooperatives. Next, the analytical categories solidarity and equality were analysed aiming to compare them to the notion given to them by the associates of the Cooperativa Educacional de Viçosa, MG (COEDUCAR). The north point of this paper is the analyses of these theorical concepts in the cooperative´s organizational environment. The methodology used in data-collection was based on qualitative research, by the use of semi-structured surveys, group-dynamic techniques and documental analysis. It was verified that the associates, as they celebrated a contract to the construction of a cooperative, seek to defending both the equality of their rights and solidarity in the development of their interests. On the other hand, they do not put into effect their participation and co-responsibility as for their own business in a practical way.cooperative system, solidarity, equality., Institutional and Behavioral Economics,

Folhas de Laguncularia racemosa com galhas são menos atrativas para herbívoros mastigadores?

Evolutionary interactions between herbivores and plants have resulted in an impressive variety of adaptations, and herbivory pressure has led to the evolution of chemical, mechanical and phenological defense in plants. Coastal mangrove forests provide a very tractable system in which to study the dynamics of herbivory. The objective of this work was to evaluate if galled leaves of the mangrove tree Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaerten (Combretaceae) are less consumed by chewing insects. Monthly excursions were carried to the Maracaipe Mangrove in Pernambuco, to collect adult leaves from 60 plants of L. racemosa: 240 ungalled leaves consumed by chewing insects (CL), 240 galled leaves consumed by chewing insects (CLG) and 240 galled leaves not consumed by chewing herbivores (LG). Other leaves were collected in August, in order to quantify total phenolic concentration: 40 intact leaves of individuals with low rate of infestation by galls (LL) and 40 of individuals with high infestation (HL) were thus collected. CLG displayed a lesser loss of foliar area to chewing herbivores. The results show a significant amount of phenols in HL (35.63 mg) and LG (32.7 mg). This high phenol concentration is probably repelling chewing phytophagous. It is known that herbivores tend to avoid leaves that were previously predated by another herbivore. Possibly galls are influencing the feeding performance of the chewing insects. Key words: chemical defenses, total phenolic, mangrove.Interações evolutivas entre herbívoros e plantas resultaram numa impressionante variedade de adaptações, e uma pressão de herbivoria levou a evolução de defesas químicas, mecânicas e fonológicas em plantas. Manguezais são sistemas excelentes para estudos da dinâmica de herbivoria. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se ha interação entre a galha induzida por acaro e herbívoros mastigadores em folhas de Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae). Foram realizadas excursões mensais (Novembro/2004 a Outubro/2005) ao manguezal de Maracaipe (PE), para coletar 240 folhas expandidas de cada categoria: consumidas por mastigadores (CL), consumidas e com galhas (CLG) e apenas galhadas (LG), provenientes de 60 plantas. Para as folhas que apresentavam indícios da atividade alimentar de mastigadores foi mensurada a porcentagem de herbivoria. A fim de testar se ocorre defesa induzida nas folhas de L. racemosa pela presença da galha foram quantificados os compostos fenólicos totais em folhas de cada categoria. Uma coleta de 40 folhas sem galhas foi realizada em indivíduos com baixa infestação (LL) e em indivíduos com alta infestação (HL) para quantificar os fenóis a fim de analisar se a defesa induzida seria sistêmica ou localizada. CLG obteve menor área foliar perdida pelo herbívoro mastigador. Foi registrada uma quantidade maior de fenóis em HL e LG. Uma alta concentração de fenóis provavelmente esta repelindo os mastigadores. Sabe-se que herbívoros tendem a evitar folhas previamente herbivoradas, pois podem conter maior concentração de defesas químicas. Possivelmente a galha esta influenciando o desempenho alimentar do inseto mastigador. Palavras-chave: defesa química, compostos fenólicos totais, manguezal

Twelve Years of Scientific Production on Medline by Latin American Spine Surgeons

Background: Despite the small contribution of LA in the Science Citation Index (SCI), a growing contribution by LA research to international literature has been observed in recent years.Study Design: Systematic review.Purpose: To evaluate the scientific contribution of Latin American (LA) Spine Surgeons in the last decade.Methods: A literature search of publications by LA spinal surgeons on topics concerning the spine or spinal cord was performed using an online database; Pubmed.gov. the results were limited to articles published from January 2000 to December 2011. the quality of the publication was evaluated with the journal impact factor (IF), Oxford classification and number of citations.Results: This study comprised 320 articles published in the Medline database by LA spine surgeons from 2000 to 2011. in recent years, there has been an increase in the number of publications by LA spine surgeons. It was observed that 38.4% of LA papers were published in LA journals. 46.6% of the articles were published in journals with an IF lower than 1, and there was no statistically significant difference in the number of articles published in journals with a higher IF during the period. Linear-by-linear association analysis demonstrated an improvement in the level of evidence provided by LA articles published in recent years.Conclusions: This study showed a growth in the number of publications in last 12 years by LA spinal surgeons. It is necessary to discuss a way to increase quantity and quality of scientific publications, mainly through a better education in research.AOSpine Latin AmericaUniv Caxias do Sul, Dept Neurosurg, Caxias Do Sul, RS, BrazilHosp Servidor Publ Estadual Francisco Morato de O, Dept Neurosurg, São Paulo, BrazilHosp Sao Jose Santa Casa Porto Alegre, Dept Neurosurg, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Orthoped, São Paulo, BrazilHosp Univ Fdn Favaloro, Dept Orthoped, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv Desarrollo, Dept Orthoped, Santiago de Compostela, SpainCtr Med Nacl Occidente, Dept Orthoped, Guadalajara, Jalisco, MexicoUniv São Paulo, Dept Orthoped, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Orthoped, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Distinct roles of class I and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in phagosome formation and maturation

Phagosomes acquire their microbicidal properties by fusion with lysosomes. Products of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) are required for phagosome formation, but their role in maturation is unknown. Using chimeric fluorescent proteins encoding tandem FYVE domains, we found that phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI[3]P) accumulates greatly but transiently on the phagosomal membrane. Unlike the 3′-phosphoinositides generated by class I PI 3-kinases which are evident in the nascent phagosomal cup, PI(3)P is only detectable after the phagosome has sealed. The class III PI 3-kinase VPS34 was found to be responsible for PI(3)P synthesis and essential for phagolysosome formation. In contrast, selective ablation of class I PI 3-kinase revealed that optimal phagocytosis, but not maturation, requires this type of enzyme. These results highlight the differential functional role of the two families of kinases, and raise the possibility that PI(3)P production by VPS34 may be targeted during the maturation arrest induced by some intracellular parasites

Expectativa e percepção da experiência do paciente ante o tratamento endodôntico

Introdução: Os pacientes que necessitam de tratamento endodôntico geralmente têm uma expectativa negativa em relação a esse procedimento. Objetivo: Avaliar a expectativa e a percepção de pacientes que realizaram o tratamento endodôntico na clínica de especialização em Endodontia ou no Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas da Universidade Positivo. Material e métodos: A amostra de conveniência contou com 123 pacientes, que foram atendidos no período de setembro de 2016 a outubro de 2017. Eles responderam a um questionário com perguntas referentes a gênero, idade, expectativas quanto ao tratamento endodôntico, presença de dor e também questões relacionadas à experiência durante e após a realização do tratamento endodôntico, bem como ao atendimento prestado. Os dados foram tabulados e expressos em frequência e porcentagem. Depois utilizou-se o teste de Qui-quadrado, por meio do programa SPSS, versão 21.0. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes eram mulheres, entre 41 e 50 anos, que já haviam realizado tratamento endodôntico anteriormente. A ausência de dor foi relatada por 76% dos pacientes, e 50% não tiveram medo durante o tratamento endodôntico. A anestesia, as agulhas e limas representaram os fatores que mais causaram medo nos pacientes. Para 28,5% a experiência foi como imaginavam; para 70,7% foi melhor do que pensavam. Dos respondentes, 93,5% consideraram o atendimento ótimo. Conclusão: O sentimento de medo antes do tratamento endodôntico foi relevante e agravado pela visualização de materiais e instrumentais. Entretanto a ausência de dor durante a intervenção favoreceu positivamente a percepção pós-operatória, com diminuição do relato de medo entre os pacientes

Polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene are associated with the plasma levels of MBL and the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in severe COVID-19

IntroductionMannose-binding lectin (MBL) promotes opsonization, favoring phagocytosis and activation of the complement system in response to different microorganisms, and may influence the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines. This study investigated the association of MBL2 gene polymorphisms with the plasma levels of MBL and inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19.MethodsBlood samples from 385 individuals (208 with acute COVID-19 and 117 post-COVID-19) were subjected to real-time PCR genotyping. Plasma measurements of MBL and cytokines were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively.ResultsThe frequencies of the polymorphic MBL2 genotype (OO) and allele (O) were higher in patients with severe COVID-19 (p< 0.05). The polymorphic genotypes (AO and OO) were associated with lower MBL levels (p< 0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α were higher in patients with low MBL and severe COVID-19 (p< 0.05). No association of polymorphisms, MBL levels, or cytokine levels with long COVID was observed.DiscussionThe results suggest that, besides MBL2 polymorphisms promoting a reduction in MBL levels and therefore in its function, they may also contribute to the development of a more intense inflammatory process responsible for the severity of COVID-19

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Myocardial infarction predictors as detected by teleelectrocardiography

O presente estudo procurou avaliar, prospectivamente, a segurança do sistema de tele-eletrocardiografia para a liberação de pacientes que se apresentem a postos de saúde com queixa de dor torácica. Avaliamos a incidência de infarto do miocárdio dessa população ao longo de seis meses. Como objetivo secundário, correlacionamos, retrospectivamente, a razão das probabilidades entre diferentes indicadores clínicos e eletrocardiográficos e a ocorrência do infarto do miocárdio. Entre junho e dezembro de 2006, 32444 pacientes foram atendidos em postos de saúde pública, carentes de cardiologistas e tiveram o seu tele-eletrocardiograma transmitido até uma central de telemedicina, através de linha telefônica fixa. Selecionaram-se 1535 pacientes atendidos devido a dor torácica, que tinham mais de 50 anos e apresentavam exame clínico, laboratorial (troponina I ou creatino fosfoquinase fração MB-CKMB) e tele-eletrocardiográfico normais além de consentirem em repetir o tele-eletrocardiograma após um e seis meses. Todos os pacientes foram seguidos durante seis meses. Não houve eventos durante o primeiro mês. No segundo mês houve 12(0,8%) infartos; no terceiro mês, 18(1,2%); no quarto mês, 38(2,4%) e no sexto, 18(1,2%). Ao longo dos seis meses houve 15(1%) óbitos, sendo 9(0,6%) de origem cardíaca; 9 (0,6%)acidentes vasculares encefálicos e 86(5,6%) infartos agudos do miocárdio. Entre as variáveis que se correlacionaram, independentemente, com maior chance de infarto agudo do miocárdio, encontrou-se a obesidade grau I [p=0,009 RC 4,5 IC 95%(1,5-13,8)], a dislipidemia [p< 0,0001 RC 3,4 IC 95%(2,0-5,8)], a baixa amplitude da onda T em V2 [p<0,001 RC 2,9 IC 95%(2,4-3,5)] e o sobrepeso [p=0,019 RC 2,6 IC 95%(1,2-5,7)]. Cada 0,5mm de redução na amplitude da onda T aumentou em quase três vezes a chance de ocorrência do infarto agudo do miocárdio durante seis meses. O tabagismo apresentou forte tendência [p=0,057 RC 1,7 IC 95%(1,0-2,8)] à regressão logística binária e foi significante após análise por árvore de decisão. Estes resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: o sistema de tele-eletrocardiografia oferece alta segurança ao estratificar o risco de pacientes com exame clínico, laboratorial e tele-eletrocardiográfico normais, queixando-se de dor torácica. Identificou-se, ao longo dos seis meses, a população de maior chance de apresentar o evento através de variáveis clínicas (obesidade, dislipidemia, tabagismo e sobrepeso) e tele-eletrocardiográficas (amplitude da onda T em V2), que determinaram, independentemente, a ocorrência de infarto agudo do miocárdioThe present study aimed at prospectively evaluating the reliability of teleeletrocardiography for the discharge of chest pain patients who present themselves at remote medical centers. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction among this population was evaluated during a period of six months. As a secondary objective, the correlation between different clinical and electrocardiographic features and the occurrence of myocardial infarction was retrospectively checked. Between June and December of 2006, 32.444 patients were treated in public medical centers which lacked the assistance of cardiologists. Those patients had their electrocardiogram transmitted to a telemedicine center over a fixed-wired telephone line. Among them 1535 patients who had been assisted due to chest pain were selected. Those patients were all older than 50 years and showed normal clinical and laboratorial (troponine I or creatine phosphokinase MB-CKMB fraction) exams, as well as normal tele-electrocardiograms. They also agreed to repeat the teleelectrocardiogram in a six-month period. All patients were followed up to the sixth-month. In the second month, there were 12 (0,8%) infarctions; in the third month there were 18 (1,2%) infarctions; in the fourth month there were 38 (2,4%) infarctions, and in the sixth month there were 18 (1,2%) infarctions. Over that six month period, there were 15 (1%) deaths, 9 (0,6%) of which were related to cardiac causes; 9 (0,6%) strokes, and 86 (5,6%) acute myocardial infarctions. Among the variables which independently correlated with greater risk of acute myocardial infarction, we found grade I obesity [p=0,009 RC 4,5 IC95%(1,5-13,8)]; dyslipidemia [p<0,0001 RC 3,4 IC 95%(2,0-5,8)]; low T-wave amplitude in V2 [p<0,001 RC 2,9 IC 95%(2,4-3,5)], and overweight [p=0,019 RC 2,6 IC 95%(1,2-5,7)]. Each 0,5mm reduction in the T-wave raised almost three times the chance for the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in a sixmonth period. Smoking showed a strong tendency [p=0,057 RC 1,7 IC 95%(1,0-2,8)] to binary logistic regression and was significant after decision tree analysis. These results lead to the following conclusions: the teleelectrocardiographic system offers high level of safety and reliability due to its capacity to stratify chest pain patient risk. Over these six months the study identified the population who showed greater chances of presenting the event through clinical (obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking and overweight) and teleelectrocardiography (amplitude of T-wave in V2) variables, which independently, determined the occurrence of acute myocardial infarctio