Understanding community perspectives: A Case Study of a Bottom-Up Sport-For-Development initiative in rural Africa

The first wave of Sport for Development (SfD) initiatives made bold assumptions that sport was inherently good for participants and could achieve social and developmental outcomes (Levermore, 2008; Lyras & Peachey, 2011). Scholars began to question the impacts that SfD programs were having in achieving developmental goals and positive social outcomes (Coalter, 2013; Darnell, 2010; Schulenkorf; Sherry, & Rowe, 2016; Svensson & Levine, 2017). Researchers also conveyed that there were issues associated with race, power dynamics, Global North and South relations, cultural sensitivity, and gender apparent in SfD programs (Darnell et al., 2016). There has been shifts in the SfD sphere responding to this critical research to work closer with the communities and individuals who are the co-creators of these programs (Coalter, 2007, 2010; Collison & Marchesseault, 2018; Darnell, 2012; Van der Kleshorst, 2018). The purpose of this study was to understand how the community members who are co-creators and participants of this SfD initiative perceive the Bottom-Up approach and impacts of the program. The community that I worked with has been partnered with a SfD organization for eight years. A local gatekeeper (the rugby development officer) helped me understand the community and identify interviewees. Participants included: community members, parents, coaches, teachers, and former participants. During my time there I also participated in coaching seminars, worked with participants, and helped with education sessions. Using Stake’s (1995) case study approach, interviews, fieldwork, and content analysis were conducted. Utilizing these methods and incorporating qualitative data analysis techniques, four overarching themes emerged: Theme One; Community development through a sport-education centre; Theme Two; community interaction and engagement; Theme Three; development of participants; and Theme Four; Rugby development. The findings work to fill multiple gaps in literature identified by Schulenkorf et al. (2016) and attempt to address critical issues laid out by Darnell et al. (2016). This research also hopes to work as a bridge between academia and practitioners and makes recommendations for possible best practices moving forward in SfD that include; community engagement in development, upskilling local participants and community members, and seeking out feedback from the community members involved

An empirical approach to the determinants of corruption using panel data analysis

由于腐败不仅会阻碍一个国家经济的发展而且还会促进各种非法行业的滋生，人 们对贪污的担忧与日俱增。在这篇文章中，我们运用固定效应模型分析从2000年到2010 年60个国家11年的面板数据来寻找影响腐败的最主要因素。我们发现收入水平，政府支 出和政治稳定性对腐败水平有显著的负向影响，而公民自由度，教育水平以及矿产收入的 影响均不显著。 为了解决收入水平的内生性问题，我们选择2000年最大进口国的实际人均国民生产总值作为工具变量。我们发现，在引入工具变量之后，收入水平对腐败的影响变得更加显著。这也表明内生性问题使得未使用故居变量的估计严重有偏。People nowadays are concerning about corruption, not only because it hinders development and economic growth, but also it is considered the main reason for the growing of illegal business and mafias. In this paper, we construct the more recent new data set which includes 60 countries over a span of 11 years; between 2000 and 2010. For the analysis purposes, the fixed effects regression will be the main tool for regression analysis of panel data to identify the main determinants of corruption. The Results show that income, government expenditure and political stability are significant with negative effect on corruption, while civil liberty, schooling and mineral rents are insignificant. To solve the endogeneity problem of income, we tried our best to find the right instrument that can fit our data; one instrument is found helpful in this paper which is the RGDP per capita of great importer in 2000. The results show that the effect of income on corruption is found to be much important and ignoring the correction of endogeneity makes our estimates to be severely biased.学位：经济学博士院系专业：经济学院_国际经济学学号：1522012115422

Female monkeys use both the carrot and the stick to promote male participation in intergroup fights

Group-level cooperation often poses a social dilemma in which joint action may be difficult to achieve. Theoretical models and experimental work on humans show that social incentives, such as punishment of defectors and rewarding of cooperators, can promote cooperation in groups of unrelated individuals. Here, we demonstrate that these processes can operate in a non-human animal species, and be used to effectively promote the production of a public good. We took advantage of the fact that intergroup fights in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) are characterized by episodes of intergroup aggression with pauses in-between. During pauses, females selectively groomed males that had participated in the previous aggressive episode, but aggressed male group members that had not. In subsequent (i.e. future) episodes, males who had received either aggression or grooming participated above their personal base-line level. Therefore, female–male aggression and grooming both appear to function as social incentives that effectively promote male participation in intergroup fights. Importantly, females stood to gain much from recruiting males as the probability of winning intergroup fights was dependent on the number of active participants, relative to the number of fighters in the opposing group. Furthermore, females appear to maximize the benefits gained from recruiting males as they primarily used social incentives where and when high-quality food resources, which are the resources primarily limiting to female fitness, were at stake

Mapping the Landscape of Organized Sport in a Community: Implications for Community Development

This study presents the landscape of private community sport organizations in the City of London, Ontario, Canada based on a profile of organizational features that align conceptually with critical aspects of community development. Features representing the scope-variety of sports offered, program age targets, and other offerings-and operations-nonprofit/commercial sector, open/closed program type, independent/affiliated/franchise status, and shared/exclusive facility use-of community sport organizations were captured from publicly available information about the population of 218 organizations. The location of sport delivery points for each organization was also mapped. The landscape is characterized by a balance of nonprofit and commercial organizations, offering a wide variety of sports, across all ages and City districts, but predominantly offered through closed programming that typically requires an extended financial commitment. Community sport organizations in this city are also most likely to operate independently, and share facilities. These features, and the landscape, are conceptualized as having implications for access, social inclusion, engagement and citizenship, and social capital that are fundamental to community development. Mapping the landscape in this community provides a valuable resource for understanding that potential

FusionArc optimization: A hybrid volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning strategy

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134837/1/mp8153.pd

Towards in vivo dosimetry for contrast enhanced synchrotron stereotactic radiation therapy based on iodine x-ray spectroscopy

The first trial applications of Contrast-Enhanced Synchrotron Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (SSRT) is underway since June 2012 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France). The phase I-II clinical trial is designed to test the feasibility and safety of SSRT through a dose escalation protocol. Contrast enhanced radiotherapy achieves localized dose enhancement due to higher photoelectric effect rate in the target. This increase is obtained through the preferential uptake of high-Z media (iodine) in the tumoral area combined with irradiations with medium energy synchrotron x-rays. In vivo dosimetry (i.e. experimental dosimetry in real time during the treatment) would be a serious added value to the project, in terms of online dose monitoring and quality control. It is challenging to perform in vivo dosimetry with the currently available conventional clinical techniques. In this work we investigated a method using x-ray fluorescence detection to derive the iodine concentration contained in a tumor during the treatment of a patient, as a first step towards in vivo dosimetry. A mean iodine concentration of 0.33 ± 0.22 mg/ml has been retrieved in the tumor of the patient compared to 2 mg/ml expected would correspond to 3% local dose enhancement in the tumor. Further work will be performed to improve the attenuation correction method. The expected amount of iodine should be 2 mg/ml in the tumor (20% dose enhancement). This method is suitable to detect iodine in the target but has some problem in quantifying the real amount of iodine present during the irradiation

TG‐69: Radiographic film for megavoltage beam dosimetry

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134818/1/mp6779.pd

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for skull base tumors: analysis of treatment accuracy using a stereotactic mask fixation system

Background: To assess the accuracy of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) using a stereotactic mask fixation system. Patients and Methods: Sixteen patients treated with FSRT were involved in the study. A commercial stereotactic mask fixation system (BrainLAB AG) was used for patient immobilization. Serial CT scans obtained before and during FSRT were used to assess the accuracy of patient immobilization by comparing the isocenter position. Daily portal imaging were acquired to establish day to day patient position variation. Displacement errors along the different directions were calculated as combination of systematic and random errors. Results: The mean isocenter displacements based on localization and verification CT imaging were 0.1 mm (SD 0.3 mm) in the lateral direction, 0.1 mm (SD 0.4 mm) in the anteroposterior, and 0.3 mm (SD 0.4 mm) in craniocaudal direction. The mean 3D displacement was 0.5 mm (SD 0.4 mm), being maximum 1.4 mm. No significant differences were found during the treatment (P = 0.4). The overall isocenter displacement as calculated by 456 anterior and lateral portal images were 0.3 mm (SD 0.9 mm) in the mediolateral direction, -0.2 mm (SD 1 mm) in the anteroposterior direction, and 0.2 mm (SD 1.1 mm) in the craniocaudal direction. The largest displacement of 2.7 mm was seen in the cranio-caudal direction, with 95% of displacements < 2 mm in any direction. Conclusions: The results indicate that the setup error of the presented mask system evaluated by CT verification scans and portal imaging are minimal. Reproducibility of the isocenter position is in the best range of positioning reproducibility reported for other stereotactic systems