The attitudes of Puerto Ricans toward the participation of women in the labor force of the island.

This study reviews historical current factors limiting Puerto Rican women in the area of educational preparation and in the island\u27s work force. Attitudes are identified in Puerto Rican society as well as reactions to the increasing role of women in the island\u27s work force. Three questions guided this study. (1) Is there evidence in the history of Puerto Rico indicating discrimination of women at work? (2) Have educational opportunities promoted or limited the participation of women in the island\u27s labor force? (3) Are Puerto Ricans\u27 attitudes obstacles deterring women from entry into occupations or professions traditionally male dominated? An instrument designed, tested and applied randomly on a cross section of voters in Jayuya and in Precinct Two of San Juan, provided a 68.66% return. After a careful analysis of the findings of the study the following conclusions could be made. (1) There is clear evidence in the history of Puerto Rico indicating discrimination towards women in the work place. This is evident in a perusal of the island\u27s political, economic, social and educational history. An analysis of data gathered by governmental agencies and findings of studies done by private and public work places show a limited number of higher management positions held by women. Prevalent discrimination is evident by the need to pass laws to protect the rights of women and to eliminate gender bias in the work place. The low representation of women in administrative positions as well as in legislative, judicial and other jobs in government, have further limited professional growth for women. (2) Even when educational opportunities for women have advanced their participation in the labor force, they have served to limit their participation in the work force by leading them into jobs and professions that are extensions of traditional roles. (3) Beliefs persist that minimize the capabilities and potentials of women, creating low expectations of their contributions to the labor force. This attitude plays a negative role in educational practices resulting in additional discrimination against women in Puerto Rico

A multivariate Kolmogorov-Smornov test of goodnes of fit

This paper presents a distribution free multivariate Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodıness of fit test. The test uses an statistic which is built using Rosenblatt's transformation and an algorithm is developed to compute it in the bivariate case. An approximate test, that can be easily computed in any dimension, is also presented. The power of these multivariate tests is studied in a simulationı study

Spatiotemporal dynamics of ticks and tick-borne disease at NEON sites across a sub-continental scale

Tick-borne diseases in humans such as Lyme disease cases in the United States have doubled between 2004 and 2016. Understanding the dynamics of infectious diseases has long been of interest for ecologists. Tick and tick-borne diseases are influenced by temperature and precipitation at local scales, indirectly through mast seeding in forest trees which increases the abundance of tick hosts (e.g., small mammals), as well as direct effects on survival. Most tick studies occur at local scales that comprise only a small part of their range. The aim of my thesis is to characterize spatiotemporal dynamics of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the eastern United States. I used datasets from National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) from 2014 to 2021 to quantify the level of synchrony in tick dynamics in seven NEON Domains, representing different ecoregions, and spanning distances up to 2,000 km. I used multiple regression matrices (MRM) to examine patterns of synchrony across sites in regional to sub-continental patterns of host-seeking ticks, and climatic variation. I found that spatial synchrony in temporal patterns of nymph abundance for both Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis declined with increasing distance between NEON sites. Weather variables associated with the spatiotemporal dynamics and key predictors of ticks and tick-borne diseases vary between the two species. A. americanum was driven by lags in July temperature differences, ∆T3 (difference in mean July temperatures in year t-3 and t-4) and ∆T4 (difference in mean July temperatures in year t-4 and t-5); and January conditions impacted tick survival for I. scapularis. The proportion of nymph-infected ticks was explained by environmental factors for the genus A. americanum. Whereas, for I. scapularis proportion of infected nymphs we were unable to explain. Nymph abundance and tick-borne diseases could be understood by identifying environmental variables influencing tick spatiotemporal patterns, allowing for potential prediction of a future tick outbreak

Las carretas del vino: tráfico y fletes en el san juan de la frontera en el reino de chile (siglo XVII)

El presente artículo analiza la infraestructura del transporte que se genera desde San Juan en torno a la producción vitivinícola a lo largo del siglo XVII. Por estas fechas, se consolidaba el tráfico comercial de los caldos cuyanos hacia las Provincias del Este y Norte del actual territorio argentino. Para su elaboración hemos utilizado fondos documentales, hasta el momento inéditos, como lo son las fuentes correspondientes al siglo XVII del Archivo General de la Provincia de San Jua

Los colores de los arrabales de Bilbao (1300-1550)

The expansion and the activity of the suburbs of Bilbao mirror the awakening of a town -one overflowed by its own sprawl- to modem capitalism, in which the life and estate of neighbours and residents would be largely dictated by the market. At the same time, the council was lavish with protective ordinances for a market characterized by strong oscillations between supply and demand. Out of this alchemy a space arose, constructed almost blindly, where the humble people tried to survive by their own work, a bit of trickery and an imperious need of currency.The suburbs were, undoubtedly, the expression of a new order in which poor and rich people were condemned to get along inside a complicated and troubled world as much ruled by law as by knavery and deception.La expansión y la actividad de los arrabales bilbaínos obran cual retrato o imagen que muestra el despertar de una villa, desbordada por sus propios límites construidos, al capitalismo moderno en el que la vida y hacienda de vecinos y residentes se verá arbitrada por el mercado. Al mismo tiempo, el concejo se prodiga en ordenanzas protectoras de un mercado con fuertes oscilaciones entre la oferta y la demanda. De esta alquimia, surgió un espacio construido a tientas donde intentaban sobrevivir los más débiles a base de trabajo, un poco de picardía y una imperiosa necesidad de circulante. Los arrabales fueron, sin duda, la expresión de un orden nuevo en el que estaban condenados a entenderse privilegiados y no privilegiados en un mundo complicado y conflictivo, donde el orden del día era la ley pero también la trampa

Comprensión de ideas fundamentales de estocásticos en el bachillerato universitario

La presente investigación, de carácter cualitativo, concierne a la comprensión de ideas fundamentales de estocásticos de estudiantes de la Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, donde se imparte la asignatura Estadística y Probabilidad hasta el sexto grado como materia optativa y con carácter teórico, para todas las áreas de orientación vocacional. La investigación, documental en su primera etapa, se refiere al programa de estudios de la asignatura y al principal libro de texto que recomienda. De entre los resultados, la incongruencia entre programa y texto en cuanto a secuencia, el planteamiento en el libro de texto de ejemplos y de ejercicios carentes de referentes, principalmente para la aplicación de “fórmulas”, evidencia en la propuesta institucional la falta de diversidad que compromete el objetivo de la asignatura como introductoria a estocásticos para los estudiantes de todas las áreas