Ética do cuidado e cuidado de enfermagem

Introduction. Nursing care has an ethical connotation reflected in the attributes that the exercise of duty implies, established mainly in the Code of Professional Ethics, while the ethics of virtues appeals to the development of values. Authors such as Gilligan, Noddigns and Tronto have contributed from the ethics of care, as ethical-theoretical references to the field of feminized nursing. Objective. Describe the contribution of the Ethics of care to professional nursing. Methodology. A theoretical reflection that aims to increase the understanding of care based on the conceptual and epistemological frameworks developed by the authors reviewed. Results and Discussion. The manuscript was organized describing the a) concepts considered key in the Ethics of care, b) Gilligan and the Ethics of care, and finally, b) the contribution made by Tronto and Noddigns who have broadened the discussion about care at a universal level, contributing to informal care as a professional. Conclusions. The Ethics of Care has allowed the development of conceptual frameworks that facilitate the understanding of care in a universal way, giving it a fundamental status for life in society. Recovering the ethical virtues for care in a fair balance with duty, contributes to nursing re-evaluating the emotional in the helping relationship it establishes with patients and communities.Introducción. El cuidado de enfermería tiene una connotación ética reflejada en los atributos que implica el ejercicio del deber, establecido principalmente en el Código de ética profesional, mientras la ética de la virtud apela al desarrollo de valores. Autoras como Gilligan, Noddigns y Tronto han aportado desde la ética del cuidado, como referentes ético-teóricos al ámbito de una enfermería feminizada. Objetivo. Describir la contribución de la Ética del cuidado a la enfermería profesional. Metodología. Reflexión de tipo teórica que pretende aumentar la comprensión del cuidado a partir de los marcos conceptuales y epistemológicos desarrollado por las autoras revisadas. Resultados y discusión. El manuscrito se organizó describiendo: a) los conceptos considerados clave en la Ética del cuidado, b) Gilligan y la Ética del cuidado, y finalmente, b) el aporte realizado por Tronto y Noddigns que han ampliado la discusión sobre el cuidado a nivel universal, aportando al cuidado informal como profesional. Conclusiones. La Ética del cuidado ha permitido desarrollar marcos conceptuales que facilitan la comprensión del cuidado de manera universal, dándole un estatus fundamental para la vida en sociedad. Recuperar las virtudes éticas para el cuidado en un justo equilibrio con el deber, contribuye a que la enfermería revalore lo emocional en la relación de ayuda que establece con los pacientes y las comunidades.Introdução. O cuidado de enfermagem tem uma conotação ética que se reflete nos atributos que o exercício do dever implica, estabelecidos principalmente no Código de Ética Profissional, enquanto a ética das virtudes apela ao desenvolvimento de valores. Autores como Gilligan, Noddigns e Tronto contribuíram a partir da ética do cuidado, como referenciais ético-teóricos para o campo da enfermagem feminizada. Objetivo. Descrever a contribuição da Ética do Cuidado para o profissional de enfermagem. Metodologia. Reflexão de tipo teórico que visa ampliar a compreensão do cuidado a partir dos referenciais conceituais e epistemológicos desenvolvidos pelos autores revisados. Resultados e discussão. O manuscrito foi organizado descrevendo a) conceitos considerados fundamentais na Ética do cuidado, b) Gilligan e a Ética do cuidado, e por fim, b) a contribuição de Tronto e Noddigns que ampliaram a discussão sobre o cuidado em nível universal, contribuindo para o cuidado informal como profissional. Conclusões. A Ética do Cuidado tem permitido o desenvolvimento de marcos conceituais que facilitam a compreensão do cuidado de forma universal, conferindo-lhe um estatuto fundamental para a vida em sociedade. Recuperar as virtudes éticas para o cuidado em justo equilíbrio com o dever, contribui para a enfermagem reavaliar o emocional na relação de ajuda que estabelece com o paciente e a comunidade

Orden de no reanimar y limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico: desafíos éticos en equipos sanitarios en Chile

The purpose of this paper is to delve into the ethical aspects experienced by the healthcare team when they receive the directive to limit therapeutic effort or a do-not-resuscitate order. From an interpretative, qualitative paradigm with a content analysis approach, a process based on three phases was conducted: pre-analysis in which categories were identified, the projection of the analysis, and inductive analysis. During 2023, interviews were conducted in the clinical setting of a high-complexity hospital in Chile with 56 members of the healthcare teams from critical and emergency units, from which four categories emerged: a) the risk of violating patients’ rights by using do-not-resuscitate orders and limiting therapeutic effort; b) the gap in the interpretation of the legal framework addressing the care and attention of patients at the end of life or with terminal illnesses by the healthcare team; c) ethical conflicts in end-of-life care; and d) efficient care versus holistic care in patients with terminal illness. There are significant gaps in bioethics training and aspects of a good death in healthcare teams facing the directive to limit therapeutic effort and not resuscitate. It is suggested to train personnel and work on a consensus guide to address the ethical aspects of a good death.El propósito de este trabajo es profundizar en los aspectos éticos que experimenta el equipo de salud cuando reciben la indicación de limitar el esfuerzo terapéutico o la orden de no reanimar. Desde un paradigma interpretativo, cualitativo y con un enfoque de análisis de contenido, se realizó un proceso basado en tres fases: preanálisis en el que se identificaron las categorías, la proyección del análisis y el análisis inductivo. Durante 2023, se realizaron entrevistas en el entorno clínico de un hospital de alta complejidad en Chile a 56 miembros de equipos de salud de unidades críticas y urgencias, de las que emergieron cuatro categorías: a) riesgo de vulnerar los derechos de los pacientes al utilizar la orden de no reanimar, y limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico; b) brecha en la interpretación del marco legal que aborda la atención y cuidado de pacientes al final de la vida, o con enfermedades terminales por parte del equipo de salud; c) conflictos éticos de la atención al final de la vida; y d) el cuidado eficiente o el cuidado holístico en pacientes con enfermedad terminal. Existen brechas importantes en la formación en bioética y aspectos del buen morir en los equipos de salud que se enfrentan a la orden de limitar el esfuerzo terapéutico y no reanimar. Se sugiere capacitar al personal, y trabajar una guía de consenso para abordar los aspectos éticos del buen morir

Aderência terapêutica em cidadãos idosos com pressão alta e diabetes tipo 2: Uma abordagem qualitativa

Aim: To explore and describe the dimensions that affect the therapeutic adherence of elderly patients with high blood pressure and/or type 2 diabetes in Araucanía, Chile. Methods: This was a qualitative, ethnographic, and descriptive research that addressed its content analysis following Bardin. It corresponds to the first phase of an exploratory study in which two focus groups are carried out; the participants were 12 people over 70 years of age with hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes. Results: Thirteen emerging categories are described: three are in vivo (being a burden for others, getting help using the cellphone, and impoverished life), and ten are theoretical (ageism, isolation and loneliness, popular culture to control the pathology, matriarchal family structure, deep-rooted biomedical model, underestimation of the non-medical team, unfulfilled expectations paradox, importance of social participation, self-care, incomplete and fragmented adherence, and risk of decompensation). Conclusion: The ageism, isolation and loneliness categories present a greater cardiovascular risk due to the difficulty that people who suffer loneliness have to adhere to the treatment. The aid relationship is weakly described, and the biomedical paternalism prevails. It is necessary to strengthen participatory strategies in the cardiovascular program, and activities based on the needs of the elderly.Objetivo: Explorar y describir dimensiones que afectan la adherencia terapéutica en personas mayores con hipertensión o diabetes tipo 2 en Araucanía, Chile. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa, etnográfica y descriptiva, que se aborda con análisis de contenido según Bardin. Corresponde a una primera fase de un estudio exploratorio, en la que se realizan dos grupos focales, con participación de 12 personas mayores de 70 años con hipertensión, diabetes tipo 2 o ambas. Resultados: Se describen trece categorías emergentes, tres in vivo (ser carga para otras personas, obtención de ayuda a partir del celular y vida empobrecida) y diez teóricas (edadismo, aislamiento y soledad, cultura popular para control de la patología, estructura familiar matriarcal, modelo biomédico arraigado, infravaloración del equipo no médico, paradoja de las expectativas no cumplidas, importancia de la participación social, el autocuidado, adherencia incompleta y fragmentada y riesgo de descompensación). Conclusión: La categoría ageísmo, aislamiento y soledad subyace a un mayor riesgo cardiovascular, por la dificultad que tienen las personas que sufren soledad para adherirse al tratamiento. La relación de ayuda se describe débilmente, prevaleciendo el paternalismo biomédico. Se requiere fortalecer estrategias participativas en el programa cardiovascular y actividades a partir de las necesidades de personas mayores.Objetivo: Explorar e descrever as dimensões que afetam a adesão terapêutica em idosos hipertensos e diabéticos tipo 2, Araucanía, Chile. Metodologia: Pesquisa qualitativa etnográfica, descritiva, abordada com a análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin. Corresponde à primeira fase de um estudo exploratório, no qual são realizados dois grupos focais, com a participação de 12 pessoas com mais de 70 anos com hipertensão, diabetes tipo 2 ou ambos. Resultados: Treze categorias emergentes são descritas, três in vivo; ser um fardo para os outros, obtendo ajuda do celular e da vida empobrecida, e dez teóricos; ageismo, isolamento e solidão, cultura popular para o controle da patologia, estrutura familiar matriarcal, modelo biomédico arraigado, subestimação da equipe não médica, paradoxo das expectativas não atendidas, importância da participação social, autocuidado, adesão incompleta e fragmentada e descompensação de risco. Conclusão: A categoria idade, isolamento e solidão está subjacente a um maior risco cardiovascular, devido à dificuldade que as pessoas que sofrem de solidão têm para aderir ao tratamento. A relação de ajuda é mal descrita, prevalecendo o paternalismo biomédico. É necessário fortalecer estratégias participativas no programa cardiovascular e atividades baseadas nas necessidades dos idosos

Contribuição e desafios do enfermeiro em tempos de Covid-19: uma revisão narrativa da literatura

La pandemia por Covid-19 ha puesto a prueba el liderazgo y experiencia práctica de las enfermeras, y ha visibilizado el cuidado como un tema esencial para la vida humana y la salud global. Objetivo. El propósito de esta revisión de la literatura es reflexionar sobre las contribuciones y desafíos de las enfermeras en tiempos de pandemia. Método. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, usando la base de datos Wos y SciencieDirect con la búsqueda de las palabras claves “nursing” AND “Covid-19” AND “disaster”, luego se complementó con otros documentos seleccionados de variadas fuentes, principalmente informes de organizaciones internacionales que han sido relevantes en el quehacer de enfermería y de la salud pública durante el periodo de pandemia. Resultados. Se revisaron 48 documentos y artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones. La principal contribución de las enfermeras a la pandemia se relaciona con la capacidad de formar una gran fuerza de contención en contra del Covid-19, guiada por un cuidado compasivo. Mientras algunos desafíos son el autocuidado y la planificación para la recuperación del sistema salud postpandemia.The Covid-19 pandemic has put the leadership and practical experience of nurses to the test, and has made care visible as an essential issue for human life and global health. Objective. The purpose of this literature review is to reflect on the contributions and challenges of nurses in times of pandemic. Method. A literature review was carried out, using the Wos and SciencieDirect databases, searching for the keywords “nursing” AND “Covid-19” AND “disaster”, then it was supplemented with other documents selected from various sources, mainly reports of international organizations that have been relevant in the nursing and public health work during the pandemic period. Results. 48 documents and articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Conclusions. The main contribution of nurses to the pandemic is related to the ability to form a large containment force against Covid-19, guided by compassionate care. While some challenges are self-care and planning for the recovery of the post-pandemic health system.A pandemia Covid-19 colocou à prova a liderança e a experiência prática dos enfermeiros e tornou o cuidado visível como uma questão essencial para a vida humana e a saúde global. Objetivo. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura é refletir sobre as contribuições e desafios dos enfermeiros em tempos de pandemia. Método. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados Wos e SciencieDirect, buscando as palavras-chave “enfermagem” AND “Covid-19” AND “desastre”, a seguir foi complementada com outros documentos selecionados de várias fontes, principalmente relatórios de organizações internacionais que foram relevantes no trabalho de enfermagem e saúde pública durante o período de pandemia. Resultados. Foram revisados 48 documentos e artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Conclusões. A principal contribuição dos enfermeiros para a pandemia está relacionada à capacidade de formar uma grande força de contenção contra a Covid-19, guiada pelo cuidado compassivo. Enquanto alguns desafios são o autocuidado e o planejamento para a recuperação do sistema de saúde pós-pandemia

Erratum: Sequence data and association statistics from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.179

“A General Separation of Colored and White”: the WWII riots, military segregation, and racism(s) beyond the White/Nonwhite binary

This article uses archival research to explore important differences in the discursive and institutional positioning of Mexican American and African American men during World War II. Through the focal point of the riots which erupted in Los Angeles and other major cities in the summer of 1943, I examine the ways in which black and Mexican ‘rioters’ were imagined in official and popular discourses. Though both groups of youth were often constructed as deviant and subversive, there were also divergences in the ways in which their supposed racial difference was discursively configured. I also consider the experiences of each group in the WWII military, a subject that has received little attention in previous work on the riots. Though both groups were subject to discrimination and brutality on the home front, only African Americans were segregated in the military - a fact that profoundly influenced the 1943 riots. Examining the very different conditions under which these men served, as well as the distinct ways in which their presence within the military and on the home front was interpreted and given meaning by press, law enforcement and military officials helps to illuminate the uneven and complex workings of racism in America, disrupting the common conceptualization of a definitive white/nonwhite color line

A new strategy for enhancing imputation quality of rare variants from next-generation sequencing data via combining SNP and exome chip data

Background: Rare variants have gathered increasing attention as a possible alternative source of missing heritability. Since next generation sequencing technology is not yet cost-effective for large-scale genomic studies, a widely used alternative approach is imputation. However, the imputation approach may be limited by the low accuracy of the imputed rare variants. To improve imputation accuracy of rare variants, various approaches have been suggested, including increasing the sample size of the reference panel, using sequencing data from study-specific samples (i.e., specific populations), and using local reference panels by genotyping or sequencing a subset of study samples. While these approaches mainly utilize reference panels, imputation accuracy of rare variants can also be increased by using exome chips containing rare variants. The exome chip contains 250 K rare variants selected from the discovered variants of about 12,000 sequenced samples. If exome chip data are available for previously genotyped samples, the combined approach using a genotype panel of merged data, including exome chips and SNP chips, should increase the imputation accuracy of rare variants. Results: In this study, we describe a combined imputation which uses both exome chip and SNP chip data simultaneously as a genotype panel. The effectiveness and performance of the combined approach was demonstrated using a reference panel of 848 samples constructed using exome sequencing data from the T2D-GENES consortium and 5,349 sample genotype panels consisting of an exome chip and SNP chip. As a result, the combined approach increased imputation quality up to 11 %, and genomic coverage for rare variants up to 117.7 % (MAF < 1 %), compared to imputation using the SNP chip alone. Also, we investigated the systematic effect of reference panels on imputation quality using five reference panels and three genotype panels. The best performing approach was the combination of the study specific reference panel and the genotype panel of combined data. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that combined datasets, including SNP chips and exome chips, enhances both the imputation quality and genomic coverage of rare variants

Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height

Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with ~700 common associated variants identified so far through genome - wide association studies . Here , we report 83 height - associated coding variants with lower minor allele frequenc ies ( range of 0.1 - 4.8% ) and effects of up to 2 16 cm /allele ( e.g. in IHH , STC2 , AR and CRISPLD2 ) , >10 times the average effect of common variants . In functional follow - up studies, rare height - increasing alleles of STC2 (+1 - 2 cm/allele) compromise d proteolytic inhibition of PAPP - A and increased cleavage of IGFBP - 4 in vitro , resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin - like growth factors . The se 83 height - associated variants overlap genes mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates ( e.g. ADAMTS3, IL11RA, NOX4 ) and pathways ( e.g . proteoglycan/ glycosaminoglycan synthesis ) involved in growth . Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low - frequency variants of moderate to large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes , and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways

The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes

The genetic architecture of common traits, including the number, frequency, and effect sizes of inherited variants that contribute to individual risk, has been long debated. Genome-wide association studies have identified scores of common variants associated with type 2 diabetes, but in aggregate, these explain only a fraction of heritability. To test the hypothesis that lower-frequency variants explain much of the remainder, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia performed whole genome sequencing in 2,657 Europeans with and without diabetes, and exome sequencing in a total of 12,940 subjects from five ancestral groups. To increase statistical power, we expanded sample size via genotyping and imputation in a further 111,548 subjects. Variants associated with type 2 diabetes after sequencing were overwhelmingly common and most fell within regions previously identified by genome-wide association studies. Comprehensive enumeration of sequence variation is necessary to identify functional alleles that provide important clues to disease pathophysiology, but large-scale sequencing does not support a major role for lower-frequency variants in predisposition to type 2 diabetes