Two-dimensional reward evaluation in mice

When choosing among multi-attribute options, integrating the full information may be computationally costly and time-consuming. So-called non-compensatory decision rules only rely on partial information, for example when a difference on a single attribute overrides all others. Such rules may be ecologically more advantageous, despite being economically suboptimal. Here, we present a study that investigates to what extent animals rely on integrative rules (using the full information) versus non-compensatory rules when choosing where to forage. Groups of mice were trained to obtain water from dispensers varying along two reward dimensions: volume and probability. The mice’s choices over the course of the experiment suggested an initial reliance on integrative rules, later displaced by a sequential rule, in which volume was evaluated before probability. Our results also demonstrate that while the evaluation of probability differences may depend on the reward volumes, the evaluation of volume differences is seemingly unaffected by the reward probabilities.Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (1034)Peer Reviewe

Inter-Individual Decision-Making Differences in the Effects of Cingulate, Orbitofrontal, and Prelimbic Cortex Lesions in a Rat Gambling Task

Deficits in decision-making is a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric pathologies but is also observed in some healthy individuals that could be at risk to develop these pathologies. Poor decision-making can be revealed experimentally in humans using the Iowa gambling task, through the inability to select options that ensure long term gains over larger immediate gratification. We devised an analogous task in the rat, based on uncertainty and conflicting choices, the rat gambling task (RGT). It similarly reveals good and poor performers within a single session. Using this task, we investigated the role of three prefrontal cortical areas, the orbitofrontal, prelimbic, and cingulate cortices on decision-making, taking into account inter-individual variability in behavioral performances. Here, we show that these three distinct subregions are differentially engaged to solve the RGT. Cingulate cortex lesion mainly delayed good decision-making whereas prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices induced different patterns of inadapted behaviors in the task, indicating varying degree of functional specialization of these three areas. Their contribution largely depended on the level of adaptability demonstrated by each individual to the constraint of the task. The inter-individual differences in the effect of prefrontal cortex area lesions on decision-making revealed in this study open new perspectives in the search for vulnerability markers to develop disorders related to executive dysfunctioning

Nesfatin-1(30-59) injected intracerebroventricularly increases anxiety, depression-like behavior, and anhedonia in normal weight rats

Nesfatin-1 is a well-established anorexigenic peptide. Recent studies indicated an association between nesfatin-1 and anxiety/depression-like behavior. However, it is unclear whether this effect is retained in obesity. The aim was to investigate the effect of nesfatin-1(30-59)—the active core of nesfatin-1—on anxiety and depression-like behavior in normal weight (NW) and diet-induced (DIO) obese rats. Male rats were intracerebroventricularly (ICV) cannulated and received nesfatin-1(30-59) (0.1, 0.3, or 0.9 nmol/rat) or vehicle 30 min before testing. Nesfatin-1(30-59) at a dose of 0.3 nmol reduced sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test in NW rats compared to vehicle (-33%, p 0.05). These results indicate an implication of nesfatin-1(30-59) in the mediation of anxiety and depression-like behavior/anhedonia under normal weight conditions, while in DIO rats, a desensitization might occur

Human gestational N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor autoantibodies impair neonatal murine brain function

Objective: Maternal autoantibodies are a risk factor for impaired brain development in offspring. Antibodies (ABs) against the NR1 (GluN1) subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) are among the most frequently diagnosed anti-neuronal surface ABs, yet little is known about effects on fetal development during pregnancy. Methods: We established a murine model of in utero exposure to human recombinant NR1 and isotype-matched nonreactive control ABs. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected on embryonic days 13 and 17 each with 240μg of human monoclonal ABs. Offspring were investigated for acute and chronic effects on NMDAR function, brain development, and behavior. Results: Transferred NR1 ABs enriched in the fetus and bound to synaptic structures in the fetal brain. Density of NMDAR was considerably reduced (up to -49.2%) and electrophysiological properties were altered, reflected by decreased amplitudes of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in young neonates (-34.4%). NR1 AB-treated animals displayed increased early postnatal mortality (+27.2%), impaired neurodevelopmental reflexes, altered blood pH, and reduced bodyweight. During adolescence and adulthood, animals showed hyperactivity (+27.8% median activity over 14 days), lower anxiety, and impaired sensorimotor gating. NR1 ABs caused long-lasting neuropathological effects also in aged mice (10 months), such as reduced volumes of cerebellum, midbrain, and brainstem. Interpretation: The data collectively support a model in which asymptomatic mothers can harbor low-level pathogenic human NR1 ABs that are diaplacentally transferred, causing neurotoxic effects on neonatal development. Thus, AB-mediated network changes may represent a potentially treatable neurodevelopmental congenital brain disorder contributing to lifelong neuropsychiatric morbidity in affected children

Elucidating Poor Decision-Making in a Rat Gambling Task

Although poor decision-making is a hallmark of psychiatric conditions such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, pathological gambling or substance abuse, a fraction of healthy individuals exhibit similar poor decision-making performances in everyday life and specific laboratory tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task. These particular individuals may provide information on risk factors or common endophenotypes of these mental disorders. In a rodent version of the Iowa gambling task – the Rat Gambling Task (RGT), we identified a population of poor decision makers, and assessed how these rats scored for several behavioral traits relevant to executive disorders: risk taking, reward seeking, behavioral inflexibility, and several aspects of impulsivity. First, we found that poor decision-making could not be well predicted by single behavioral and cognitive characteristics when considered separately. By contrast, a combination of independent traits in the same individual, namely risk taking, reward seeking, behavioral inflexibility, as well as motor impulsivity, was highly predictive of poor decision-making. Second, using a reinforcement-learning model of the RGT, we confirmed that only the combination of extreme scores on these traits could induce maladaptive decision-making. Third, the model suggested that a combination of these behavioral traits results in an inaccurate representation of rewards and penalties and inefficient learning of the environment. Poor decision-making appears as a consequence of the over-valuation of high-reward-high-risk options in the task. Such a specific psychological profile could greatly impair clinically healthy individuals in decision-making tasks and may predispose to mental disorders with similar symptoms

Early acute microvascular kidney transplant rejection in the absence of anti-HLA antibodies is associated with preformed IgG antibodies against diverse glomerular endothelial cell antigens

International audienceBACKGROUND: Although anti-HLA antibodies (Abs) cause most antibody-mediated rejections of renal allografts, non-anti-HLA Abs have also been postulated to contribute. A better understanding of such Abs in rejection is needed.METHODS: We conducted a nationwide study to identify kidney transplant recipients without anti-HLA donor-specific Abs who experienced acute graft dysfunction within 3 months after transplantation and showed evidence of microvascular injury, called acute microvascular rejection (AMVR). We developed a crossmatch assay to assess serum reactivity to human microvascular endothelial cells, and used a combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to identify non-HLA Abs.RESULTS: We identified a highly selected cohort of 38 patients with early acute AMVR. Biopsy specimens revealed intense microvascular inflammation and the presence of vasculitis (in 60.5%), interstitial hemorrhages (31.6%), or thrombotic microangiopathy (15.8%). Serum samples collected at the time of transplant showed that previously proposed anti-endothelial cell Abs-angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), endothelin-1 type A and natural polyreactive Abs-did not increase significantly among patients with AMVR compared with a control group of stable kidney transplant recipients. However, 26% of the tested AMVR samples were positive for AT1R Abs when a threshold of 10 IU/ml was used. The crossmatch assay identified a common IgG response that was specifically directed against constitutively expressed antigens of microvascular glomerular cells in patients with AMVR. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified new targets of non-HLA Abs, with little redundancy among individuals.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that preformed IgG Abs targeting non-HLA antigens expressed on glomerular endothelial cells are associated with early AMVR, and that cell-based assays are needed to improve risk assessments before transplant

Modélisation de la prise de décision adaptée et inadaptée chez le rat et caractérisation psychobiologique des différences inter-individuelles

La prise de décision est un processus adaptatif essentiel dont la réalisation dépend de nombreux processus exécutifs, motivationnels et émotionnels ainsi que de l’intégrité de différents circuits frontaux sous-corticaux. Des capacités altérées de prise de décision caractérisent de nombreuses pathologies mentales et neurobiologiques. Aussi, un enjeu majeur de la recherche en neurosciences comportementales aujourd’hui est de déterminer les traits comportementaux, les fonctions cognitives et les substrats neurobiochimiques impliqués dans le dysfonctionnement de ce processus complexe et permettant une meilleure connaissance de l’étiologie des pathologies psychiatriques associées. Nous avons développé chez le rat, un test de prise de décision qui reproduit une situation incertaine, complexe et conflictuelle de choix au principe similaire à un test classiquement utilisé chez l’homme (l’Iowa Gambling Task). Ce test permet aisément d’explorer la dynamique du processus complexe de prise de décision, en un essai, dont les conditions peuvent être facilement modulées (difficulté augmentée/diminuée) et dont l’utilisation est très pratique. Grâce à une approche différentielle du comportement, nous avons observé des différences spontanées de capacités de prise de décision, avec une majorité de rats au comportement adapté et une minorité au comportement inadapté. Nous avons ensuite révélé que ces derniers présentent un profil neuropsychobiologique particulier dont certaines caractéristiques rappellent celles de sujets humains présentant des troubles de la prise de décision en clinique : ils sont plus prompts à prendre des risques, plus sensibles au renforcement, ils présentent une inflexibilité comportementale, qui n’est pas sans rappeler certains aspects du comportement compulsif, ainsi qu’une hyperactivité motrice (dans certaines situations). Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l’implication différentielle de sous régions du cortex préfrontal, lors du test, en fonction des capacités spontanées de prise de décision des animaux. Grâce à tous ces atouts, ce test permettra de vérifier, en clinique, si la combinaison de traits comportementaux que nous avons identifiée chez les rats non performants, constitue bien des endophénotypes des troubles mentaux liés au dysfonctionnement exécutif. Il sera également possible de vérifier en quoi les substrats neurobiologiques sous jacents constituent des marqueurs potentiels prédictifs du développement de certaines pathologies mentales humaines et conduisent à ce phénotype particulier.Decision-making is a crucial adaptive process. Making a decision depends on executive, motivational, and affective capacities that rely on the integrity of several frontal-subcortical circuits, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Poor decision-making is a characteristic of many psychiatric disorders and some neuropsychopathologies. A major goal of behavioural neuroscience is to determine the behavioural traits, cognitive functions and neurobiological substrates involved in this complex process of choice under normal and dysfunctional conditions Based on the principle of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in humans, we have developed a decision-making task in rats that assesses their ability to choose under conditions of uncertainty between several conflicting options that differ with respect to long term gain. In this task, conditions of the test can be easily modified to increase or decrease the task difficulty. Furthermore, a single test session allows observation of the evolution of the decision-making process across time. Using this task we highlighted individual differences by detecting good and poor decision-makers. We found that a combination of behavioural characteristics related to different psychopathologies in humans were specifically associated with poor decision-making in rats. Rat poor decision-makers displayed less behavioural flexibility, greater motor impulsivity and increased risk-taking behaviour that was associated with a greater sensitivity to reward. Moreover, our results reveal that rats solve our decision-making task by differentially recruiting prefrontal cortical areas according to pre-existing behavioural traits. Finally, our model presents a unique opportunity to study the behavioural characteristics and neurobiological substrates of decision-making under pathological and non pathological conditions. Using this technique, it will be possible to investigate if the combination of behavioural traits identified in the poor decision-making rat is also observed clinically and if these traits are predictive of the development of psychopathology

Modélisation de la prise de décision adaptée et inadaptée chez le rat et caractérisation psychobiologique des différences inter-individuelles

La prise de décision est un processus adaptatif essentiel dont la réalisation dépend de nombreux processus exécutifs, motivationnels et émotionnels ainsi que de l’intégrité de différents circuits frontaux sous-corticaux. Des capacités altérées de prise de décision caractérisent de nombreuses pathologies mentales et neurobiologiques. Aussi, un enjeu majeur de la recherche en neurosciences comportementales aujourd’hui est de déterminer les traits comportementaux, les fonctions cognitives et les substrats neurobiochimiques impliqués dans le dysfonctionnement de ce processus complexe et permettant une meilleure connaissance de l’étiologie des pathologies psychiatriques associées. Nous avons développé chez le rat, un test de prise de décision qui reproduit une situation incertaine, complexe et conflictuelle de choix au principe similaire à un test classiquement utilisé chez l’homme (l’Iowa Gambling Task). Ce test permet aisément d’explorer la dynamique du processus complexe de prise de décision, en un essai, dont les conditions peuvent être facilement modulées (difficulté augmentée/diminuée) et dont l’utilisation est très pratique. Grâce à une approche différentielle du comportement, nous avons observé des différences spontanées de capacités de prise de décision, avec une majorité de rats au comportement adapté et une minorité au comportement inadapté. Nous avons ensuite révélé que ces derniers présentent un profil neuropsychobiologique particulier dont certaines caractéristiques rappellent celles de sujets humains présentant des troubles de la prise de décision en clinique : ils sont plus prompts à prendre des risques, plus sensibles au renforcement, ils présentent une inflexibilité comportementale, qui n’est pas sans rappeler certains aspects du comportement compulsif, ainsi qu’une hyperactivité motrice (dans certaines situations). Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l’implication différentielle de sous régions du cortex préfrontal, lors du test, en fonction des capacités spontanées de prise de décision des animaux. Grâce à tous ces atouts, ce test permettra de vérifier, en clinique, si la combinaison de traits comportementaux que nous avons identifiée chez les rats non performants, constitue bien des endophénotypes des troubles mentaux liés au dysfonctionnement exécutif. Il sera également possible de vérifier en quoi les substrats neurobiologiques sous jacents constituent des marqueurs potentiels prédictifs du développement de certaines pathologies mentales humaines et conduisent à ce phénotype particulier.Decision-making is a crucial adaptive process. Making a decision depends on executive, motivational, and affective capacities that rely on the integrity of several frontal-subcortical circuits, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Poor decision-making is a characteristic of many psychiatric disorders and some neuropsychopathologies. A major goal of behavioural neuroscience is to determine the behavioural traits, cognitive functions and neurobiological substrates involved in this complex process of choice under normal and dysfunctional conditions Based on the principle of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in humans, we have developed a decision-making task in rats that assesses their ability to choose under conditions of uncertainty between several conflicting options that differ with respect to long term gain. In this task, conditions of the test can be easily modified to increase or decrease the task difficulty. Furthermore, a single test session allows observation of the evolution of the decision-making process across time. Using this task we highlighted individual differences by detecting good and poor decision-makers. We found that a combination of behavioural characteristics related to different psychopathologies in humans were specifically associated with poor decision-making in rats. Rat poor decision-makers displayed less behavioural flexibility, greater motor impulsivity and increased risk-taking behaviour that was associated with a greater sensitivity to reward. Moreover, our results reveal that rats solve our decision-making task by differentially recruiting prefrontal cortical areas according to pre-existing behavioural traits. Finally, our model presents a unique opportunity to study the behavioural characteristics and neurobiological substrates of decision-making under pathological and non pathological conditions. Using this technique, it will be possible to investigate if the combination of behavioural traits identified in the poor decision-making rat is also observed clinically and if these traits are predictive of the development of psychopathology

Principles of economic rationality in mice

Data and R scripts from choice experiments of groups of mice inside a home cage with four water feeder

Correction: An Automated, Experimenter-Free Method for the Standardised, Operant Cognitive Testing of Rats.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169476.]