Ihmisen perustunnetilojen tulkinta ja hyödyntäminen sosiaalisissa roboteissa

Tiivistelmä. Tietotekniikan kehittyessä tekoälyn ja robottien käyttö on moninkertaistunut monilla eri teollisuuden- ja tekniikan aloilla. Ihmisen tärkeintä aistia, näkökykyä, hyödynnetään robotiikassa keinotekoisen näön, eli konenäön toteuttamisessa. Koska sosiaaliset robotit yleistyvät, on tärkeää, että ihmisen ja robotin vuorovaikutus on mahdollisimman luontevaa. Tällöin varsinaisen näkökyvyn lisäksi kasvojen ilmeet ja niiden tulkinta ovat keskeisessä asemassa, jotta robotti pystyy tulkitsemaan ihmistä oikein. Tässä projektissa toteutettiin kasvojen perustunnetilojen tulkitseminen InMoov-robotin robottipään avulla, jonka 3d-mallit ovat vapaasti saatavilla. Robotti ohjelmoitiin tunnistamaan ihmisen kasvot sen silmässä olevalla web-kameralla ja tulkitsemaan kasvoista perustunnetiloja: neutraali, iloinen, vihainen, hämmästynyt, surullinen ja pelko. Tunteen tunnistamisen jälkeen robotti reagoi eri tunteisiin eri liikkeellä. Järjestelmän toteuttamisessa käytettiin pääasiassa OpenCV-ohjelmistokirjastoa konenäön toteuttamiseen, Tensorflow-koneoppimisalustan korkean tason ohjelmointirajapintaa Kerasta tunteen tunnistamiseen ja Robot Operating Systemiä järjestelmän ytimenä ja itse robotin pään liikkeiden ohjaamiseen. Kuviin perustuvista lähestymistavoista käytettiin neuroverkkoja, jotka syväoppimisen kautta opetettiin tunnistamaan kasvojen tunneilmaisuja kuvasta opetusdatan pohjalta. Tulokseksi projektissa saatiin järjestelmä, joka pystyi tunnistamaan käytetyissä olosuhteissa tunteita varsin hyvin.Detection and use of human basic emotions in social robots. Abstract. As computer science is developing the usage of artificial intelligence and robots has multiplied in several fields of industry and technology. The most important sensor of humans, vision, is utilized in robotics in the implementation of artificial vision, i.e. machine vision. As social robots become more common it is essential for human-robot interaction to be as natural as possible. In this case, in addition to vision facial expressions and their interpretation are vital components for fluent interaction. In this project, the interpretation of basic human facial expressions was implemented using the InMoov-robot head, the 3d-models of which are distributed freely. The system was programmed to recognize the facial expressions of a human in front of a webcam and identify some basic emotions, namely neutral, happy, angry, surprised, sad and fear and react differently to each emotion. The system was created using these main components: OpenCV library for machine vision, Keras, a high-level Application Programming Interface for the Tensorflow machine learning platform, for recognizing emotions and Robot Operating System as a core for running the whole system and controlling the robot head. The project explored neural networks function based on deep learning. Neural networks were trained to recognize emotions from facial expression images. The result of the project was a system capable of recognizing facial expressions quite well considering the challenges of the subject

Temporal Trends Over Two Decades in the Use of Anticholinergic Drugs Among Older Community-Dwelling People in Helsinki, Finland

Background Knowledge of the adverse effects of drugs with anticholinergic properties (DAPs) has increased in recent decades. However, research on the temporal trends of the clinical use of DAPs is still sparse. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal trends of DAP use over two decades in the older community-dwelling population and to explore the medication classes contributing to the use of DAPs. Methods The study involved random samples of >= 75-year-old community-dwelling Helsinki citizens in 1999, 2009, and 2019 from the Helsinki Ageing Study. A postal questionnaire inquired about their health, functioning, and medications. The medications were categorized as DAPs according to Duran's list. In addition, we grouped DAPs into various medication groups. Results The prevalence and burden of DAPs on Duran's list showed a decreasing trend over the years. In 1999 the prevalence was 20% and the burden 0.35, in 2009 they were 22% and 0.35, respectively, and in 2019 they were 16% and 0.23, respectively. There were no differences in how the 75- and 80-year-olds used DAPs compared with those aged 85 years and older. The proportion of typical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, urinary antispasmodics, and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease medications decreased, whereas the proportion of atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, strong opioids, and antihistamines increased. In particular the use of mirtazapine increased-to 3.9% in 2019. In 2019 the three most prevalent groups of DAPs were antidepressants (7.4%), opioids (2.7%), and antihistamines (2.4%). Conclusions The decrease in the use of DAPs on Duran's list is a welcome change. Although the use of old, strong DAPs has decreased, new DAPs have simultaneously emerged. Physicians need continuous education in prescribing DAPs and more recent information on the use and effects of DAPs is needed in order to decrease their exposure among the rapidly growing older population.Peer reviewe

Cold chains in Hanoi and Bangkok:changing systems of provision and practice

We know that patterns of domestic consumption are situated within broader systems of provision and that home appliances like the fridge freezer bridge between practices of cooking, shopping and eating, on the one hand, and increasingly global systems of food production, distribution and diet on the other. In analysing uses of fridge freezers in Hanoi and Bangkok as expressions, in microcosm, of complex and evolving processes of urbanisation and food provisioning this paper provides new insight into how specific configurations, dependencies and patterns of consumption take hold and how they vary and change. Our analysis of systems and practices in flux has the dual function of showing how household strategies reflect and contribute to more extensive transformations, and of demonstrating how these are shaped by ongoing tensions and relations between new and established forms of urban food supply and associated concepts of freshness and safety. The result is a subtle account of the multiple routes through which consumer ‘needs’ evolve

The centre cannot (always) hold:Examining pathways towards energy system de-centralisation

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this record'Energy decentralisation' means many things to many people. Among the confusion of definitions and practices that may be characterised as decentralisation, three broad causal narratives are commonly (implicitly or explicitly) invoked. These narratives imply that the process of decentralisation: i) will result in appropriate changes to rules and institutions, ii) will be more democratic and iii) is directly and causally linked to energy system decarbonisation. The principal aim of this paper is to critically examine these narratives. By conceptualising energy decentralisation as a distinct class of sociotechnical transition pathway, we present a comparative analysis of energy decentralisation in Cornwall, South West UK, the French island of Ushant and the National Electricity Market in Australia. We show that, while energy decentralisation is often strongly correlated with institutional change, increasing citizen agency in the energy system, and enhanced environmental performance, these trends cannot be assumed as given. Indeed, some decentralisation pathways may entrench incumbent actors' interests or block rapid decarbonisation. In particular, we show how institutional context is a key determinant of the link between energy decentralisation and normative goals such as democratisation and decarbonisation. While institutional theory suggests that changes in rules and institutions are often incremental and path-dependent, the dense legal and regulatory arrangements that develop around the electricity sector seem particularly resistant to adaptive change. Consequently, policymakers seeking to pursue normative goals such as democratisation or decarbonisation through energy decentralisation need to look beyond technology towards the rules, norms and laws that constitute the energy governance system.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)European Structural and Investment FundINTERREG V FC

Business ecosystem perspective on innovation policy:a case study of San Diego life sciences

Abstract This paper applies a business ecosystem perspective to analyse innovation policy. The research utilised a case study on San Diego, which is one of the top three life sciences ecosystems in the world. Unlike previous studies, this research is an analysis of the ecosystem’s evolution in each life-cycle phase—birth, expansion, leadership and self-renewal—and the key innovation policy measures related to these phases. The findings indicate that traditional policy measures must be reconsidered in the era of business ecosystems

Innovative regional development through triple helix collaboration:a comparative case study of strategic structures and implementation

Abstract Intense global competition forces regions to seek new ways to boost innovativeness and the success of local enterprises. This paper focuses on triple helix collaboration to support regional innovation-led development and economy. Various options exist for structuring and implementing triple helix collaboration. However, current empirical knowledge is inadequate for stakeholders interested and involved in regional strategy creation and implementation. This study analyses the strategic structures and implementation of triple helix collaboration in two regional cases: Brainport (Netherlands) and Oulu innovation alliance (OIA, Finland). Case Brainport introduces a holistic approach and high profile role in regional development, whereas case OIA demonstrates the knowledge institutes’ role in regional development in five spearhead areas. The cases illustrate two empirical ways to utilise triple helix mandate and strategic structures in regional development and strategy processes. The case comparison demonstrates diverse options for organising triple helix collaboration