チュウゴク キンダイ ギルド ケンキュウ ノ ロンテン

欧州のギルドは政府の認可の下に設置され、法規を遵守すると同時に政府の保護を受けていたのに対し、中国のギルドは、徴税の請負、警察機能の代行を除いて政府との関わりはほとんどなかった。では、中国のギルドはその対内的対外的統制力はどのような権威に由来するのか。中国各ギルド内には裁判権等ギルド規約の絶対的拘束力が認められ、規約の拘束は商品の販売価格、販売量、販売先、度量衡および職人・徒弟数(経営規模)にも及んでいた。このようなギルド統制力は、除名を最後の手段とする制裁の実行によって保証されていたのである。除名された者は衣食の途を失い、生命の危険にさらされる。制裁が機能するには対内的に、各ギルド内部で競争を排除し成員の平均的生存条件を維持するという共通認識があった。対外的には、各ギルドの事業独占が必須であり、規約内に事業独占の方法を明記したものがある。少なくとも清末まではギルド統制が機能した所以である

シン マツ ミン ショ シャンハイ ノ カイカン コウショ ト ショウカイ ソシキ コウセイ オ チュウシン ト シテ ゲ

近年、商会の資本主義的性格を高く評価する見解が出てきているが、本稿は商会の構成者の性格を分析し、ギルドの影響の存続の有無に注目する。上海商業会議公所は官憲の補助機関の性質を佩び、その会員は多くは会館・公所の董事からなりギルドの機能を存していた。指導層の内、官僚の地位を保有する者が七割強を占め紳商であった。上海商務総会の構成者は一幇一行が代表を商会会員に推挙し、このことが「商会組織内部をして封建的性質の行幇勢力の存在と影響を完全に排除することは不可能にした」。1920年の「桂電」事件では商会指導層の紳商としての体質が露呈された。改選後会長は新興の指導者になったが、商会の基礎を成した会館・公所は幇の影響が強くその中心は寧波幇である。1920年の改選で会長に湖南幇の聶雲台が選出されたのを除き、前後25年間、会長は特に寧波幇に属した。幇の領袖が近代企業家に転進できるかが、商会近代化の鍵になるとみられる

Other Helicobacters, gastric and gut microbiota

The current article is a review of the most important and relevant literature published in 2016 and early 2017 on non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter infections in humans and animals, as well as interactions between H. pylori and the microbiota of the stomach and other organs. Some putative new Helicobacter species were identified in sea otters, wild boars, dogs, and mice. Many cases of Helicobacter fennelliae and Helicobacter cinaedi infection have been reported in humans, mostly in immunocompromised patients. Mouse models have been used frequently as a model to investigate human Helicobacter infection, although some studies have investigated the pathogenesis of Helicobacters in their natural host, as was the case for Helicobacter suis infection in pigs. Our understanding of both the gastric and gut microbiome has made progress and, in addition, interactions between H. pylori and the microbiome were demonstrated to go beyond the stomach. Some new approaches of preventing Helicobacter infection or its related pathologies were investigated and, in this respect, the probiotic properties of Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. were confirmed

Triple Therapy with High-Dose Proton-Pump Inhibitor, Amoxicillin, and Doxycycline Is Useless for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Proof-of-Concept Study

INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics is steadily increasing and multidrug-resistant strains are common and difficult to eliminate, mainly in countries where bismuth, tetracycline, furazolidone, and rifabutin are unavailable. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a triple therapy with proton-pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, and doxycycline in patients with multidrug-resistant H. pylori. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study involved 16 patients (13 females; mean age - 50 ± 11.3 years) infected by H. pylori with known resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, but susceptibility to amoxicillin and tetracycline. All patients were previously submitted to upper endoscopy with gastric biopsies for H. pylori culture and susceptibility testing by Etest. Mutations in 23S rRNA and gyrA genes were determined by real-time PCR. A 10-day eradication regimen with PPI (double-standard dose b.i.d.), amoxicillin (1000 mg b.i.d.), and doxycycline (100 mg b.i.d.) was prescribed after pretreatment with PPI during 3 days. Eradication success was assessed by (13) C-urea breath test 6-10 weeks after treatment. Compliance and adverse events were determined through phone contact immediately after treatment and specific written questionnaires. RESULTS: Only one patient did not complete treatment due to adverse events. Another four patients experienced mild side effects not affecting compliance. The control (13) C-urea breath test was positive in all patients. Per-protocol and intention-to-treat eradication rates were 0%. CONCLUSIONS: Although safe, a triple-therapy protocol with high-dose PPI, amoxicillin, and doxycycline is useless for multidrug-resistant H. pylori eradication

Helicobacter cinaedi Induced Typhlocolitis in Rag-2-Deficient Mice

Background Helicobacter cinaedi, an enterohepatic helicobacter species (EHS), is an important human pathogen and is associated with a wide range of diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients. It has been convincingly demonstrated that innate immune response to certain pathogenic enteric bacteria is sufficient to initiate colitis and colon carcinogenesis in recombinase-activating gene (Rag)-2-deficient mice model. To better understand the mechanisms of human IBD and its association with development of colon cancer, we investigated whether H. cinaedi could induce pathological changes noted with murine enterohepatic helicobacter infections in the Rag2[superscript −/−] mouse model. Materials and Methods Sixty 129SvEv Rag2[superscript −/−] mice mouse were experimentally or sham infected orally with H. cinaedi strain CCUG 18818. Gastrointestinal pathology and immune responses in infected and control mice were analyzed at 3, 6 and 9 months postinfection (MPI). H. cinaedi colonized the cecum, colon, and stomach in infected mice. Results H. cinaedi induced typhlocolitis in Rag2[superscript −/−] mice by 3 MPI and intestinal lesions became more severe by 9 MPI. H. cinaedi was also associated with the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ, tumor-necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-10; iNOS mRNA levels were also upregulated in the cecum of infected mice. However, changes in IL-4, IL-6, Cox-2, and c-myc mRNA expressions were not detected. Conclusions Our results indicated that the Rag2[superscript −/−] mouse model will be useful to continue investigating the pathogenicity of H. cinaedi, and to study the association of host immune responses in IBD caused by EHS.United States. National Institutes of Health (R01-0D011141)United States. National Institutes of Health (R01-CA067529)United States. National Institutes of Health (P30-ES002109)United States. National Institutes of Health (P01-CA026731

The result of pangenome analysis of H. suis isolates.

Gene, annotation, number of positive isolates, positive rate (%), minimum size (bp), maximum size (bp), and average size (bp) of the indicated genes among 16 isolates are shown. This data accompanies the following manuscript: Rimbara E et al 2020 PNAS Isolation and characterization of Helicobacter suis from human stomach. All relevant information is contained within this manuscript. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.202633711