Acute effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes: A review

Abstract The literature has shown the efficiency of exercise in the control of type 2 diabetes (T2D), being suggested as one of the best kinds of non-pharmacological treatments for its population. Thus, the scientific production related to this phenomenon has growing exponentially. However, despite its advances, still there is a lack of studies that have carried out a review on the acute effects of physical exercise on metabolic and hemodynamic markers and possible control mechanisms of these indicators in individuals with T2D, not to mention that in a related way, these themes have been very little studied today. Therefore, the aim of this study was to organize and analyze the current scientific production about the acute effects of physical exercise on metabolic and hemodynamic markers and possible control mechanisms of these indicators in T2D individuals. For such, a research with the following keywords was performed: -exercise; diabetes and post-exercise hypotension; diabetes and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption; diabetes and acute effects in PUBMED, SCIELO and HIGHWIRE databases. From the analyzed studies, it is possible to conclude that, a single exercise session can promote an increase in the bioavailability of nitric oxide and elicit decreases in postexercise blood pressure. Furthermore, the metabolic stress from physical exercise can increase the oxidation of carbohydrate during the exercise and keep it, in high levels, the post exercise consumption of O², this phenomenon increases the rate of fat oxidation during recovery periods after exercise, improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and reduces glycemia between 2-72 h, which seems to be dependent on the exercise intensity and duration of the effort. Key words: Metabolic diseases; Hypertension; Nitric oxide; Blood glucose; Oxygen consumption Core tip: Physical exercise is one of the best kinds of non-pharmacological treatments to prevent and control type 2 diabetes (T2D), being recommended by important medical associations, such as American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association. In the literature, studies about the effects of a single exercise session on the population, its changes in blood pressure, glycemia, carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, increase in nitric oxide and others are increasing exponentially. In this review, we report the most recent and important findings in the literature about the ef- REVIEW Submit

Changes in heart rate and blood pressure in sub-18 soccer players tested with Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test

The Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) is an important tool for prescribing and monitoring training. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular changes by the variables heart rate and blood pressure in soccer players tested with RAST. A trial with 20 soccer players who trained daily and participated in sub-18 soccer championships. The heart rate (HR) was collected at rest (before warming) and right after the end of the test, as well as the systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. For statistics it was used the paired t-test with p\u3c0.05. The collected data show that the values at resting time point can be considered normal for healthy young people and after the test it was observed that the HR and SBP increased significantly as compared with resting time, and the DPB presented no statistically changes. Conclusion: The results showed that the cardiovascular changes occurring in the RAST test, which is an effort with anaerobic features, are similar to changes in high-intensity aerobic efforts

Acute effects of power and resistance exercises on hemodynamic measurements of older women

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of resistance training (RT) and power training (PT) on the hemodynamic parameters and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability of older women. Materials and methods: A randomized experimental design was used in this study. Twentyone older women (age: 67.1 +/- 4.6 yearsbody mass index: 28.03 +/- 4.9 kg/m2systolic blood pressure: 135.1 +/- 21.1 mmHg) were recruited to participate in this study. Volunteers were randomly allocated into PT, RT, and control session (CS) groups. The PT and RT groups underwent a single session of physical exercise equalized by training volume, characterized by 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions in 8 different exercises. However, RT group performed exercise at a higher intensity (difficult) than PT (moderate) group. On the other hand, concentric contractions were faster in PT group than in RT group. Hemodynamic parameters and saliva samples (for NO quantification) were collected before and during an hour after exercise completion. Results: Results demonstrated post-exercise hypotension during 35 minutes in the PT when compared to rest period (P= 0.001). In turn, RT showed decreased heart rate and double product (P, 0.001) during the whole evaluation period after exercise completion compared with the rest period. NO levels increased in the PT and RT during the whole evaluation period in relation to rest period. However, there were no differences between PT, RT, and CS regarding hemodynamic and NO evaluations. Conclusion: Data indicate that an acute session of power and resistance exercise can be effective to cause beneficial changes on hemodynamic parameters and NO levels in older women.Univ Estadual Campinas, Appl Kinesiol Lab LCA, Sch Phys Educ, Ave Erico Verissimo,701 Cidade Univ Zeferino Vaz, BR-13083851 Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv Mogi das Cruzes, Ctr Hlth Sci, Mogi Das Cruzes, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Med Sch, Hypertens Unit, Heart Inst InCor, Brasilia, DF, BrazilUniv Catolica Brasilia, Sch Phys Educ, Brasilia, DF, BrazilCommun Ctr Older People Poa, Poa, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Dept Immunobiol, Lab Transplantat Immunol, Inst Biomed Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Nephrol Div, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Sch Arts Sci & Humanities, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Nephrol Div, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

The higher exercise intensity and the presence of allele I of ACE gene elicit a higher post-exercise blood pressure reduction and nitric oxide release in elderly women: an experimental study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The absence of the I allele of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with higher levels of circulating ACE, lower nitric oxide (NO) release and hypertension. The purposes of this study were to analyze the post-exercise salivary nitrite (NO₂^-) and blood pressure (BP) responses to different exercise intensities in elderly women divided according to their ACE genotype.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Participants (n = 30; II/ID = 20 and DD = 10) underwent three experimental sessions: incremental test - IT (15 watts workload increase/3 min) until exhaustion; 20 min exercise 90% anaerobic threshold (90% AT); and 20 min control session without exercise. Volunteers had their BP and NO₂^-measured before and after experimental sessions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Despite both intensities showed protective effect on preventing the increase of BP during post-exercise recovery compared to control, post-exercise hypotension and increased NO₂^-release was observed only for carriers of the I allele (p < 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Genotypes of the ACE gene may exert a role in post-exercise NO release and BP response.</p

Efeito de diferentes doses de nandrolona associado ao treinamento de força sobre o perfil fenotípico e área de secção transversa do músculo de ratos

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) associated with Strength Training (ST) on the phenotype of fibers and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into seven groups: control (CG) and the groups according to the dose of ND administered (0,1, 1, 2, 5, 10 e 20 mg/kg). The ST consisted of water jumping with loads of 50-70% of their body mass, three times per week during five weeks. The association of ST with ND promoted a modulatory role on the muscle fiber types. There was a hypertrophy of fast twitch fibers (type II) as compared with slow twitch (type I). In conclusion, although the association of ST with ND increased muscle CSA and modified fiber phenotype, there was no additional effect of higher doses.O presente estudo avaliou a influência de diferentes doses de decanoato de nandrolona (DN) associado ao Treinamento de Força (TF) sobre o fenótipo de fibras e área de secção transversa (AST) do músculo extensor longo dos dedos (EDL) em ratos "Wistar". Os animais foram divididos em sete grupos: controle (GC) e grupos de acordo com a concentração de DN (0,1, 1, 2, 5, 10 e 20 mg/kg) administrada intramuscular 3 vezes/semana. O TF consistiu de saltos em meio líquido (carga 50-70% do peso corporal) 3x/semana, durante cinco semanas. A associação do TF e DN promoveu ação modulatória sobre os tipos de fibras. Houve hipertrofia das fibras de contração rápida (tipo II) em comparação com as fibras de contração lenta (tipo I). Em conclusão, apesar da associação do TF com DN aumentar a AST muscular e alterar o fenótipo das fibras, não houve efeito gradual das doses mais altas

Influência da fadiga no equilíbrio do pé de apoio de jogadores de futebol

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of fatigue on the balance of the support leg kick in soccer players. 19 soccer players were divided randomly into two groups: group exhauston (GEX), underwent an effort with incremental load at exhaustion on a treadmill, and the control group (GCE) underwent effort with constant lower load. Parameters of static balance in single support (one foot) were evaluated before and after the protocols, using a force platform (AMTI OR6-5). The GEX showed enlargement of the displacement of center of pressure (COP) (p < 0.05) after exhaustion, for the right foot. The maximum displacement of the antero posterior center of pressure of the right leg of the GEX incresead significantly (p < 0.05) after exhaustion in relation to resting values. In conclusion, fatigue can impair the ability to keep balance for the support leg in soccer players. Mainly on support to the foot that is not the usual support for the kick.O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a influencia da fadiga no equilíbrio do pé de apoio no momento do chute em jogadores de futebol. Participaram desta pesquisa 19 atletas de futebol divididos em dois grupos: grupo exaustão (GEX) que realizou um esforço com carga incremental até a exaustão em esteira rolante, e o grupo controle (GCE) realizou um esforço leve-constante de forma continua em esteira rolante. Antes e após os protocolos foram avaliados parâmetros de equilíbrio estático em apoio unipodal, utilizando uma plataforma de força. O GEX apresentou aumento da área de deslocamento do centro de pressão (COP) (p < 0,05) após exaustão, tanto para o pé direito como para o esquerdo. A velocidade máxima de deslocamento do centro de pressão ântero-posterior da perna direita do GEX aumentou significantemente (p < 0,05) após a exaustão em relação aos valores de repouso. A fadiga pode diminuir a capacidade de equilíbrio do pé de apoio em jogadores de futebol. Principalmente no apoio com o pé que não é o usual de apoio para o chute