Impacts of the Brazilian science and technology sectoral funds on the industrial firms’ R&D inputs and outputs

Os fundos setoriais foram instituídos no final da década de 1990, com o propósito de criar condições mais estáveis de financiamento público às atividades de ciência, tecnologia e inovação (CT&I) no Brasil. De maneira análoga ao que se observa com outros instrumentos de incentivo à inovação nas empresas, a expectativa é que o acesso aos fundos setoriais contribuiria para o aumento dos esforços tecnológicos e para o alcance de melhores resultados pelas empresas. O objetivo deste trabalho é, portanto, avaliar o impacto desses fundos sobre os esforços tecnológicos e sobre os resultados das empresas industriais no Brasil, no período 2001 a 2006. A base teórica para a discussão é a literatura internacional que tem, recorrentemente, analisado o efeito crowding in ou crowding out de políticas de apoio à inovação nas empresas. Esses trabalhos buscam verificar se as políticas adotadas complementam os recursos alocados nas atividades de inovação pelas empresas ou se haveria simplesmente a substituição desses últimos por recursos públicos. Neste artigo, uma técnica quasi-experimental é aplicada para comparar as empresas que acessaram os fundos setoriais com aquelas que não os acessaram, usando dados de painel que incluem informações sobre esforços tecnológicos e resultados. O grupo de controle é definido com base no algoritmo de Propensity Score Matching (PSM), visando eliminar o viés de seleção no acesso aos fundos, o que faz com que, a priori, as empresas que acessam esses recursos trilhem uma trajetória distinta daquelas que não acessam. Estimativas das diferenças percentuais das taxas de crescimento dos esforços tecnológicos indicam significativo descolamento entre os grupos de tratamento e controle e permitem que se rejeite a hipótese de crowding out. Estima-se que o diferencial na taxa de crescimento do PoTec – que corresponde à proxy para os esforços tecnológicos – seja de 6,8 p.p. no primeiro ano, 11,5 p.p. no segundo, 15,7 p.p. no terceiro e 26,7 p.p. no quarto ano após o acesso. Os fundos setoriais apresentam ainda impacto positivo e significativo no pessoal ocupado total, embora apenas um impacto marginalmente significante nas exportações de alto conteúdo tecnológico tenha sido observado após quatro anos nas empresas que compõem o grupo de tratamento. Adicionalmente, uma análise preliminar dos impactos dos diferentes instrumentos que compõem os fundos setoriais permite associar a maior parte dos impactos dos recursos à concessão de crédito em condições mais favoráveis. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe Brazilian science and technology sectoral funds were established at the end of the 1990s, aiming at providing more stable financial resources to science, technology, and innovation (ST&I) activities in the country. Similarly to other instruments used to foster innovation at the firm level, the sectoral funds are expected to increase firms’ technological efforts as well as their result indicators. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of these funds on the industrial firms’ R&D inputs and outputs in Brazil during the period between 2001 and 2006. Several papers have discussed the additionality or crowding out effects of innovation policies that involve grants and fiscal incentives, for example. In this paper, the firms which accessed the sectoral funds are compared with the ones which did not, based upon the path followed by their indicators of technological efforts (R&D inputs) and results (R&D outputs). The control group was defined using a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) procedure aiming at reducing the selection bias that makes firms which accessed the funds follow a different path when compared to the ones that did not. Percentage differencein- differences indicate a significant detachment between the technological efforts of the treatment and control groups and permit the hypothesis of crowding out to be rejected. The growth differential on the PoTec variable – the proxy for technological efforts – is estimated in 6.8 p.p. in the first year, 11.5 in the second, 15.7 p.p. in the third and 26.7 p.p. in the fourth year after the access to the funds. The sectoral funds also presented a significant and positive impact on the number of employees, although only a marginally significant impact on high-tech exports was observed four years after the treatment. Additionally, a preliminary analysis of the impacts of the different instruments that form the sectoral funds suggests that most impacts observed in the technological efforts can be associated to the credit at favorable conditions

A teoria da nova empresarialidade e a jurimetria como ferramenta auxiliadora para sua medição e concreção

   O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma reflexão sobre a teoria da nova empresarialidade, sua influencia no mister ecoeconomico e verificar como a jurimetria pode contribuir com a analise, medição e concreção dessa teoria benéfica à coletividade. A importância que circunda a temática proposta nesse estudo, vem a reboque na medida do ênfase dado pela Constituição Federal de 1988 que apregoou de maneira enfática a função social da propriedade, entabulando-o como um princípio fundamental para o uso dessa bem como para o desenvolvimento econômico. Logo, a analise e a possível junção da jurimetria a teoria da nova empresarialiddae, pode conferir a essa ultima, a mensuração e concreção do quão ético e responsiva social está sendo a atividade empresarial, Para tanto, buscar-se-á, a utilização do  método descritivo e as investigações bibliográfica e documental, para apresentar os principais aspectos da nova empresarialidade e da jurimetria no campo convergente de suas atuações com a consequente efetivação das diretrizes constitucionais.    

Expectations Of Orthodontic Treatment In Adults: The Conduct In Orthodontist/patient Relationship.

The high demand for orthodontic treatment, evidenced over the last few decades, has been justified mainly by the greater importance given to facial esthetics, influencing individual's self esteem. However, the professional frequently does not meet all the patient's expectations, for not establishing good communication and not knowing about the critical points during orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to elucidate patients' desires and doubts regarding orthodontic treatment, by means of a survey applied to 60 adult patients. The analysis of results revealed that most individuals (38.3%) noticed treatment success after its conclusion. Occlusion deviation was pointed out by 66.7% as the main reason for seeking treatment, and esthetics ranked as second (with 48.3%). Treatment time was considered within the prediction by 46.7% of the interviewees and the results were judged as very good by 43.3%. The social relations of most participants were not affected by treatment (73.3%). Also, 58.3% of the interviewees reported pain as the main complaint and 53.3% found it difficult to use dental floss. Most participants saw the orthodontist as a professional who was concerned about their health (76.7%), and believed that he/she was more able to treat them (96.6%) when compared with the general practitioner. The orthodontist/patient relationship enables an understanding of the expectations regarding orthodontic treatment, resulting in greater motivation and cooperation, leading to a successful outcome.1888-9

Immunohistochemical analysis for CD21, CD35, Caldesmon and S100 protein on dendritic cells types in oral lymphomas

OBJECTIVE: Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) are dendritic cells found in lymphoid follicles, reactive follicles and in lymphomas. The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence and distribution of FDCs and IDCs in oral lymphomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry reactions were applied to 50 oral lymphomas using the antibodies anti-CD21, anti-CD35 and anti-caldesmon to FDCs, and anti-S100 protein to IDCs. Caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs were quantified in Imagelab® software. RESULTS: FDCs revealed by CD21 and CD35 were positively stained in two cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, one MALT lymphoma, and in one case of mantle cell lymphoma. FDCs were immunopositive to caldesmon in all cases, as well as IDCs to S100 protein. Burkitt lymphoma presented a lower amount of caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type. CONCLUSIONS: The microenvironment determined by neoplastic lymphoid cells in oral lymphomas is responsible by the development and expression of dendritic cells types

Goats fed detoxified castor cake in different physiological stages: II. nutritional parameters, hepatic and renal

Evaluated the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC) on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, nitrogen balance and function hepatic and renal of goats fed with diets containing DCC by alkaline solutions in confinement regime during different stages of biological development (growth, pregnancy and lactation). The treatments consisted of three diets, a formulated with corn and soybean meal (SM) and the others were formulated with detoxified castor cake by calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 DCC) and another composed by detoxified castor by DCC of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In relation to the biological stages, we observed higher intakes of DM and all the nutrients by goats during lactation, representing up to 4% of body weight. In relation to renal and hepatic parameters showed that there was interaction between the diets and biological stages on the levels of total proteins, direct bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase. In a general way, the goats fed with both castor cake, regardless of the stage evaluated had higher levels. The detoxified castor cake by alkaline solutions in replacement of soybean meal proved to be a viable alternative in the feeding of goats in the three-stage biological, because it does not affect the functionality of the liver and kidney function and the nitrogen balance, in spite of the diets formulated with detoxified castor by sodium hydroxide decrease the intake of dry matter and nutrients.Evaluated the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC) on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, nitrogen balance and function hepatic and renal of goats fed with diets containing DCC by alkaline solutions in confinement regime during different stages of biological development (growth, pregnancy and lactation). The treatments consisted of three diets, a formulated with corn and soybean meal (SM) and the others were formulated with detoxified castor cake by calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 DCC] and another composed by detoxified castor by DCC of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In relation to the biological stages, we observed higher intakes of DM and all the nutrients by goats during lactation, representing up to 4% of body weight. In relation to renal and hepatic parameters showed that there was interaction between the diets and biological stages on the levels of total proteins, direct bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase. In a general way, the goats fed with both castor cake, regardless of the stage evaluated had higher levels. The detoxified castor cake by alkaline solutions in replacement of soybean meal proved to be a viable alternative in the feeding of goats in the three-stage biological, because it does not affect the functionality of the liver and kidney function and the nitrogen balance, in spite of the diets formulated with detoxified castor by sodium hydroxide decrease the intake of dry matter and nutrients

Antibody-cytokeratin marker 34βe12 In prostate cancer detection

The histological diagnosis of prostate cancer is commonly based on morphological patterns. The presence of malignant tissue mixed with benign tissue, or the presence of carcinoma that mimics benignity may generate difficulty in the diagnostic elucidation. Therefore, the application of immunohistochemistry contributes its diagnostic value. Objectives: To evaluate the 34βE12 marker in the detection of adenocarcinoma (ADn), atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAp), regular prostatic tissue (RPT) and regular prostatic tissue alternated by atrophy spotlights (RPTa) in transrectal biopsy guided by ultrasonography of patients with suspected prostate cancer. Method: Analysis of 34 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy with subsequent analysis by H&E staining and 34βE12 labeling for elucidation of neoplasms or diseased tissues with doubtful diagnosis. Results: The marker 34βE12 showed negativity in 100% of the neoplasms ADn, positivity in 100% of the benign prostatic tissues (RPT and RPTa); the patients with ASAp presented positivity (20%) and negativity (80%). The chi-square test (χ)² showed that there is an association (χ ²= 29.55 and p < 0.0001) between the groups, that is, the 34βE12 marker has a significant value (p < 0.0001) in the elucidation of patients with prostatic neoplasia and benign prostatic tissues. Discussion and Conclusion: With the early screening of prostate cancer in the modern era, pathologists have become increasingly challenged to diagnose small outbreaks of cancer when only a few atypical glands are present in transrectal biopsy-guided ultrasonography. The 34βE12 marker becomes an important tool in elucidating diagnoses such as ADn and ASAp

PREVALÊNCIA DE SINTOMAS DEPRESSIVOS E CONDIÇÕES DE SAÚDE EM IDOSOS ATENDIDOS NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e as condições de saúde em idosos atendidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: pesquisa observacional do tipo transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, realizada com 130 idosos de um município brasileiro. Coleta de dados ocorreu entre novembro de 2019 e março de 2020, utilizando Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15) e questionário, contemplando dados sociodemográficos. Resultados: prevalência de sintomas depressivos presentes em 78 idosos (63,1%). As variáveis independentes associadas foram: sexo feminino, idade entre 60 e 69 anos, renda mensal de 1 a 3 salários-mínimos, maior que nove anos de escolaridade, domínio mental e físico com risco, com mais de três doenças autorreferidas e mais de cinco medicamentos utilizados. Conclusão: a alta prevalência de sintomas depressivos na população idosa estudada requer investimento em ações de prevenção, atentando para a necessidade de práticas que promovam o envelhecimento ativo e a satisfação com a vida.Descritores: Saúde do Idoso. Envelhecimento. Depressão. Atenção Primária à Saúde. Enfermagem

BNCC E ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA: APORTES TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICOS

The Common National Curriculum Base (BNCC) is the current guiding document for learning in Basic Education. The competencies and skills of the Base should be thought of as starting points for the construction of curricular identity of federal units, municipalities, education networks and the curricular components and areas of knowledge. Meanwhile, the main objective of this article is to reflect on the relationship between the BNCC and the teaching of Geography, through bibliographical research and theoretical-methodological contributions on the didactics of School Geography, the instrumentation of Geography teaching and the specificities of this curricular component in the teaching and learning process.La Base Curricular Nacional Común (BNCC) es el actual documento orientador del aprendizaje en la Educación Básica. Las competencias y habilidades de la Base deben ser pensadas como puntos de partida para la construcción de la identidad curricular de las unidades de la federación, municipios, redes de enseñanza y de los componentes curriculares y áreas de conocimiento. Mientras tanto, el objetivo principal de este artículo es reflexionar sobre la relación entre la BNCC y la enseñanza de la Geografía, a través de investigaciones bibliográficas y aportes teórico-metodológicos sobre la didáctica de la Geografía Escolar, la instrumentación de la enseñanza de la Geografía y las especificidades de este componente curricular en la proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.A Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), é o atual documento orientador para as aprendizagens na Educação Básica. As competências e habilidades da Base devem ser pensadas como pontos de partida para a construção da identidade curricular de unidades da federação, municípios, redes de ensino e os componentes curriculares e áreas do conhecimento. Neste ínterim, o objetivo principal deste artigo é a reflexão acerca da relação entre a BNCC e o ensino de Geografia, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e aportes teórico-metodológicos sobre a didática da Geografia Escolar, a instrumentação de ensino de Geografia e as especificidades deste componente curricular no processo de ensino e aprendizagem