Contrato de compra e venda internacional no âmbito do MERCOSUL: determinação da lei aplicável

Partiendo de que los contratos internacionales son los instrumentos, por excelencia, del comercio internaional, particularmente en el actual mundo globalizado, el autor analiza el desafío que ello plantea a los estados nacionales, que van dejando de ser los actores principales, rol que es transferido a las empresas trasnacionales. Ello deriva, sostiene, en el desarrollo de diversos procesos integrativos, entre los que reseña los latinoamericanos. La emergencia de estos procesos, al dinamizar el comercio internacional, general múltiples conflictos en materia de ley aplicable. Reseña, a continuación, la cuestión en los países del MERCOSUR, concluyendo en que, no existiendo una norma específica que regule lo relativo a la ley aplicable, estará a cargo de los actores del comercio internacional que operen en el MERCOSUR el conocimiento de las leyes que rigen en cada uno de los países involucrados en el negocio de que se trate.Instituto de Integración Latinoamerican

Contrato de compra e venda internacional no âmbito do MERCOSUL: determinação da lei aplicável

Partiendo de que los contratos internacionales son los instrumentos, por excelencia, del comercio internaional, particularmente en el actual mundo globalizado, el autor analiza el desafío que ello plantea a los estados nacionales, que van dejando de ser los actores principales, rol que es transferido a las empresas trasnacionales. Ello deriva, sostiene, en el desarrollo de diversos procesos integrativos, entre los que reseña los latinoamericanos. La emergencia de estos procesos, al dinamizar el comercio internacional, general múltiples conflictos en materia de ley aplicable. Reseña, a continuación, la cuestión en los países del MERCOSUR, concluyendo en que, no existiendo una norma específica que regule lo relativo a la ley aplicable, estará a cargo de los actores del comercio internacional que operen en el MERCOSUR el conocimiento de las leyes que rigen en cada uno de los países involucrados en el negocio de que se trate.Instituto de Integración Latinoamerican

Acoustic rhinometric evaluation of the nasal cavity after rapid maxillary expansion

Objective: Because of the anatomic proximity between the nasal cavity and the maxilla, much has been investigated regarding changesin nasal geometry after this procedure. In this study, we propose to evaluate the repercussion of RME in the nasal cavity in the patientduring the growth phase. Materials and methods: For this, we evaluated 19 patients with transverse maxillary deficiency and indication for RME. The patientswere evaluated using acoustic rhinometry in 3 moments (pre-RME, post-RME, post-restraint). Results: There was no mean change in MCA1 M1, M2 and M3 (p = 0.122). MCA2 measurement appears to increase in M2. VOL1 is suffering a mean increase in M2 compared to M1 (p = 0.025) and continues higher in M3 (p = 0.271). There is little variationof VOL 2 between the evaluated moments. Conclusion: The results allow us to affirm that RME significantly increases the anterior region of the nasal cavity immediately to theprocedure, however, after the period of containment there is a tendency of recurrence of this increase returning to values close to theinitial cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity

PRODH Polymorphisms, Cortical Volumes and Thickness in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability. Several lines of evidence indicate that the PRODH gene may be related to the disorder. Therefore, our study investigates the effects of 12 polymorphisms of PRODH on schizophrenia and its phenotypes. To further evaluate the roles of the associated variants in the disorder, we have conducted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to assess cortical volumes and thicknesses. A total of 192 patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) instruments. the study included 179 controls paired by age and gender. the samples were genotyped using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR and Sanger sequencing methods. A sample of 138 patients and 34 healthy controls underwent MRI scans. One polymorphism was associated with schizophrenia (rs2904552), with the G-allele more frequent in patients than in controls. This polymorphism is likely functional, as predicted by PolyPhen and SIFT, but it was not associated with brain morphology in our study. in summary, we report a functional PRODH variant associated with schizophrenia that may have a neurochemical impact, altering brain function, but is not responsible for the cortical reductions found in the disorder.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Disciplina Genet, Dept Morfol & Genet, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, LiNC, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Psiquiatria, São Paulo, BrazilFac Med ABC FMABC, Dept Ginecol & Obstet, Disciplina Genet & Reprod Humana, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ Para, Lab Genet Humana & Med, BR-66059 Belem, Para, BrazilUniv Fed ABC, Ctr Math Computat & Cognit, Santo Andre, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Disciplina Genet, Dept Morfol & Genet, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, LiNC, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Psiquiatria, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2011/50740-5FAPESP: 2007/58736-1Web of Scienc

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis