Keabsahan Perkawinan Warga Negara Indonesia yang Berbeda Agama (Analisis Pasal 2 Ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dengan Pasal 35 Huruf (A) Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 Studi Penetapan No. 92/pdt.p/2010/p.n.surakarta)

SIKeanekaragaman masyarakat Indonesia menimbulkan perbedaan budaya masyarakat baik mengenai kebiasaan sehari-hari, adat istiadat dan ritual keagamaan termasuk mengenai perkawinan. Perkawinan merupakan peristiwa yang sangat penting dalam masyarakat. Dengan hidup bersama, kemudian melahirkan keturunan yang merupakan sendi utama bagi pembentukan negara dan bangsa. Penjelasan Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 menyatakan “tidak ada perkawinan di luar hukum masing-masing agama dan kepercayaan itu”. Karena undang-undang ini memandang perkawinan tidak dalam hubungan perdata (juridis), tetapi dari sudut hubungan agama (religious) dan Pancasila serta UUD 1945 (filosofis), sehingga tertutup kemungkinan bagi para pria dan wanita yang berbeda agama untuk melangsungkan perkawinanbeda agama. Tetapi pada prakteknya sekarang ini masih banyak sekali keluarga-keluarga yang timbul sebagai akibat dari perkawinan yang berbeda agama, dimana salah satunya dengan cara pengadilan negeri Surakarta dengan mengeluarkan penetapan No.92/Pdt.P/2010/PN. Dengan mengetahui sejauh mana kekuatan atau pengaruh peraturan Perundang-undangan mengenai perkawinan baik sebelum tahun 1974 dan sesudah tahun 1974 dimana lahirnyaunifikasi peraturan Perundangan tentang perkawinan serta adanya Pasal 35 huruf a Undangundang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 yang mengatur pencatatan perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini : 1. Bagaimana status hukum perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama setelah adanya penetapan No. 92/Pdt.P/2010/PN. Surakarta?2.Ketentuan apa yang dijadikan dasar dan pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Surakarta memberikan izin perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama antara Tuan Gunawan Cahyono dan Nona Anita Sandhyawati. Berdasarkan jenis-jenis penelitian, peneliatian yang akan dilakukan adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yaitu penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier, dimana penelitian ini menitik beratkan pada pegumpulan data mengenai penetapan pengadilan dan perkawinan beda agama yang dilangsungkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggambarkan atau menjelaskan lebih dalam mengenai status penetapan pengadilan yang dikeluarkan oleh Pengadilan Negeri Surakarta Data yang dikumpulkan, kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode analitis data secara kualitatif sehingga hasil penelitiannya akan bersifat deskriptif analitisHasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Status hukum perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama setelah adanya penetapan No. 92/Pdt.P/2010/Pn.Ska. memiliki status hukum yang sama seperti perkawinan pada umumnya menurut hukum negara. Hal ini dikarenakan Hakim telah menilai bahwa perkawinan tersebut telah sah menurut Undang-undang. Adanya Penetapan Pengadilan membuat Kantor Catatan Sipil berwenang untuk mencatatkan perkawinan antar umatyang berbeda agama. Ketentuan yang dijadikan dasar dan pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Surakarta memberikan izin perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama antara Tuan Gunawan Cahyono dan Nona Anita Shandyawati adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Pasal 8 jo Pasal 35 huruf (a) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006, Stbl 1898 Nomor 158 serta Peraturan Perundangan lain. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keabsahan perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama setelah adanya penetapan No. 92/Pdt.P/2010/Pn.Ska. adalah sah seperti perkawinan pada umumnya menurut hukum negara. Hal ini dikarenakan Hakim telah menilai bahwa perkawinan tersebut telah sah menurut Undang-undang. Adanya Penetapan Pengadilan membuat Kantor Catatan Sipil berwenang untuk mencatatkan perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama. Ketentuan yang dijadikan dasar dan pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Surakarta memberikan izin perkawinan antar umat yang berbeda agama antara Tuan X dan Nona Y adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Pasal 8 jo Pasal 35 huruf (a) Undang-Undang Nomor 23Tahun 2006, Stbl 1898 Nomor 158 serta Peraturan Perundangan lain

Augmented Reality for the Control Tower: The RETINA Concept

The SESAR (Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research) Joint Undertaking has recently granted the Resilient Synthetic Vision for Ad- vanced Control Tower Air Navigation Service Provision project within the framework of the H2020 research on High Performing Airport Operations. Here- after, we describe the project motivations, the objectives, the proposed method- ology and the expected impacts, i.e. the consequences of using virtual/augmented reality technologies in the control tower

Augmented Reality for the Control Tower: The RETINA Concept

The SESAR (Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research) Joint Undertaking has recently granted the Resilient Synthetic Vision for Advanced Control Tower Air Navigation Service Provision project within the framework of the H2020 research on High Performing Airport Operations. Hereafter, we describe the project motivations, the objectives, the proposed methodology and the expected impacts, i.e. the consequences of using virtual/augmented reality technologies in the control tower

Bi-Directional Sexual Dimorphisms of the Song Control Nucleus HVC in a Songbird with Unison Song

Sexually dimorphic anatomy of brain areas is thought to be causally linked to sex differences in behaviour and cognitive functions. The sex with the regional size advantage (male or female) differs between brain areas and species. Among adult songbirds, males have larger brain areas such as the HVC (proper name) and RA (robust nucleus of the arcopallium) that control the production of learned songs. Forest weavers (Ploceus bicolor) mated pairs sing a unison duet in which male and female mates learn to produce identical songs. We show with histological techniques that the volume and neuron numbers of HVC and RA were ≥1.5 times larger in males than in females despite their identical songs. In contrast, using in-situ hybridizations, females have much higher (30–70%) expression levels of mRNA of a number of synapse-related proteins in HVC and/or RA than their male counterparts. Male-typical and female-typical sexual differentiation appears to act on different aspects of the phenotypes within the same brain areas, leading females and males to produce the same behaviour using different cellular mechanisms

Natural Changes in Brain Temperature Underlie Variations in Song Tempo during a Mating Behavior

The song of a male zebra finch is a stereotyped motor sequence whose tempo varies with social context – whether or not the song is directed at a female bird – as well as with the time of day. The neural mechanisms underlying these changes in tempo are unknown. Here we show that brain temperature recorded in freely behaving male finches exhibits a global increase in response to the presentation of a female bird. This increase strongly correlates with, and largely explains, the faster tempo of songs directed at a female compared to songs produced in social isolation. Furthermore, we find that the observed diurnal variations in song tempo are also explained by natural variations in brain temperature. Our findings suggest that brain temperature is an important variable that can influence the dynamics of activity in neural circuits, as well as the temporal features of behaviors that some of these circuits generate

The Temporal Winner-Take-All Readout

How can the central nervous system make accurate decisions about external stimuli at short times on the basis of the noisy responses of nerve cell populations? It has been suggested that spike time latency is the source of fast decisions. Here, we propose a simple and fast readout mechanism, the temporal Winner-Take-All (tWTA), and undertake a study of its accuracy. The tWTA is studied in the framework of a statistical model for the dynamic response of a nerve cell population to an external stimulus. Each cell is characterized by a preferred stimulus, a unique value of the external stimulus for which it responds fastest. The tWTA estimate for the stimulus is the preferred stimulus of the cell that fired the first spike in the entire population. We then pose the questions: How accurate is the tWTA readout? What are the parameters that govern this accuracy? What are the effects of noise correlations and baseline firing? We find that tWTA sensitivity to the stimulus grows algebraically fast with the number of cells in the population, N, in contrast to the logarithmic slow scaling of the conventional rate-WTA sensitivity with N. Noise correlations in first-spike times of different cells can limit the accuracy of the tWTA readout, even in the limit of large N, similar to the effect that has been observed in population coding theory. We show that baseline firing also has a detrimental effect on tWTA accuracy. We suggest a generalization of the tWTA, the n-tWTA, which estimates the stimulus by the identity of the group of cells firing the first n spikes and show how this simple generalization can overcome the detrimental effect of baseline firing. Thus, the tWTA can provide fast and accurate responses discriminating between a small number of alternatives. High accuracy in estimation of a continuous stimulus can be obtained using the n-tWTA

Multi-scale digital soil mapping with deep learning

We compared different methods of multi-scale terrain feature construction and their relative effectiveness for digital soil mapping with a Deep Learning algorithm. The most common approach for multi-scale feature construction in DSM is to filter terrain attributes based on different neighborhood sizes, however results can be difficult to interpret because the approach is affected by outliers. Alternatively, one can derive the terrain attributes on decomposed elevation data, but the resulting maps can have artefacts rendering the approach undesirable. Here, we introduce ‘mixed scaling’ a new method that overcomes these issues and preserves the landscape features that are identifiable at different scales. The new method also extends the Gaussian pyramid by introducing additional intermediate scales. This minimizes the risk that the scales that are important for soil formation are not available in the model. In our extended implementation of the Gaussian pyramid, we tested four intermediate scales between any two consecutive octaves of the Gaussian pyramid and modelled the data with Deep Learning and Random Forests. We performed the experiments using three different datasets and show that mixed scaling with the extended Gaussian pyramid produced the best performing set of covariates and that modelling with Deep Learning produced the most accurate predictions, which on average were 4–7% more accurate compared to modelling with Random Forests

Evaluation of the Performance of Information Theory-Based Methods and Cross-Correlation to Estimate the Functional Connectivity in Cortical Networks

Functional connectivity of in vitro neuronal networks was estimated by applying different statistical algorithms on data collected by Micro-Electrode Arrays (MEAs). First we tested these “connectivity methods” on neuronal network models at an increasing level of complexity and evaluated the performance in terms of ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) and PPC (Positive Precision Curve), a new defined complementary method specifically developed for functional links identification. Then, the algorithms better estimated the actual connectivity of the network models, were used to extract functional connectivity from cultured cortical networks coupled to MEAs. Among the proposed approaches, Transfer Entropy and Joint-Entropy showed the best results suggesting those methods as good candidates to extract functional links in actual neuronal networks from multi-site recordings

Song Practice Promotes Acute Vocal Variability at a Key Stage of Sensorimotor Learning

BACKGROUND: Trial by trial variability during motor learning is a feature encoded by the basal ganglia of both humans and songbirds, and is important for reinforcement of optimal motor patterns, including those that produce speech and birdsong. Given the many parallels between these behaviors, songbirds provide a useful model to investigate neural mechanisms underlying vocal learning. In juvenile and adult male zebra finches, endogenous levels of FoxP2, a molecule critical for language, decrease two hours after morning song onset within area X, part of the basal ganglia-forebrain pathway dedicated to song. In juveniles, experimental 'knockdown' of area X FoxP2 results in abnormally variable song in adulthood. These findings motivated our hypothesis that low FoxP2 levels increase vocal variability, enabling vocal motor exploration in normal birds. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: After two hours in either singing or non-singing conditions (previously shown to produce differential area X FoxP2 levels), phonological and sequential features of the subsequent songs were compared across conditions in the same bird. In line with our prediction, analysis of songs sung by 75 day (75d) birds revealed that syllable structure was more variable and sequence stereotypy was reduced following two hours of continuous practice compared to these features following two hours of non-singing. Similar trends in song were observed in these birds at 65d, despite higher overall within-condition variability at this age. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Together with previous work, these findings point to the importance of behaviorally-driven acute periods during song learning that allow for both refinement and reinforcement of motor patterns. Future work is aimed at testing the observation that not only does vocal practice influence expression of molecular networks, but that these networks then influence subsequent variability in these skills

Nutritional therapy and infectious diseases: a two-edged sword

The benefits and risks of nutritional therapies in the prevention and management of infectious diseases in the developed world are reviewed. There is strong evidence that early enteral feeding of patients prevents infections in a variety of traumatic and surgical illnesses. There is, however, little support for similar early feeding in medical illnesses. Parenteral nutrition increases the risk of infection when compared to enteral feeding or delayed nutrition. The use of gastric feedings appears to be as safe and effective as small bowel feedings. Dietary supplementation with glutamine appears to lower the risk of post-surgical infections and the ingestion of cranberry products has value in preventing urinary tract infections in women