Carga e iniciativa probatoria en acciones populares y su determinación constitucional

The objective of the article is to reflect upon the dynamic burden of proof and the probationary initiative of the judge in the framework of the popular action as a figure through which, eventually, the protection of the collective rights might be achieved. The methodology employed was based on the documentary and jurisprudential review. One of the achievements of the article was the prevalence of collective rights over the probationary rituality. Thus, it determines that even though the claimant must provide the burden of proof, it is also true that the judge must consider the goals of the constitutional public actions towards the real protection of the rights, which will eventually imply the deployment of its officious faculties in the matter. The main conclusion refers to the fact that the claiming party has the burden of proof in the popular claims towards demonstrating the affirmed facts, but emphasizes the fact that, in the concrete case, the burden of proof might be distributed for different reasons. Likewise, the judge finds her or himself to advance its officious duty for exceptionally decreeing and performing proofs for procuring effective judicial protection without filling proof deficiencies due to a lack of diligence by the parties.El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar acerca de la carga probatoria dinámica e iniciativa probatoria del juez en el marco de la acción popular como figuras mediante las cuales, eventualmente, se lograría la protección de derechos colectivos. La metodología empleada se basó en la revisión documental y jurisprudencial. De los resultados del artículo se destaca la prevalencia de los derechos colectivos sobre ritualidades probatorias. En este sentido, se determina que si bien los accionantes deben soportar la carga de la prueba, también es cierto que el juez debe considerar las finalidades de las acciones públicas constitucionales frente a la real protección de derechos, lo que eventualmente le implicará desplegar sus facultades oficiosas en la materia. La principal conclusión hace referencia a que la parte accionante tiene la carga de la prueba en las acciones populares en dirección a demostrar los hechos afirmados, pero hace énfasis en que, en el caso concreto, la carga probatoria puede ser distribuida por diferentes razones. Igualmente, el juez se ve llamado a adelantar su deber oficioso para decretar y practicar pruebas excepcionalmente para procurarse la tutela judicial efectiva, sin que ello implique suplir las deficiencias probatorias por falta de diligencia de las partes

Cushing syndrome secondary to a medullary thyroid carcinoma : report of a case and review of the literature

ABSTRACT: We report the case of a 29-year old female who was evaluated because of a thyroid tumor. The initial pathological classification was an insular thyroid carcinoma. There was strong involvement in the neck, mediastinum and lungs. Three years after receiving specific therapy for her thyroid neoplasia, she developed a Cushing syndrome and liver lesions suggestive of metastases from the primary tumor. A review of the previous pathological material revealed a medullary thyroid carcinoma producing ACTH, instead of the insular carcinoma. Based on this case a review of the literature is presented.RESUMEN: Se describe el caso de una paciente evaluada a los 29 años por un tumor tiroideo, clasificado inicialmente como un carcinoma insular de tiroides; presentaba gran compromiso tumoral en cuello, mediastino y pulmones. Tres años después de recibir tratamiento específico para su neoplasia tiroidea, desarrolló un síndrome de Cushing y lesiones hepáticas sugestivas de metástasis del tumor primario. Al revisar la patología se encontró, en lo que inicialmente se había clasificado como un carcinoma insular, un carcinoma medular de tiroides productor de hormona adrenocorticotrópica (ACTH). Con base en este caso, se presenta una revisión de la literatura médica sobre el tema

The case of the neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818) as a wild pet at the Magdalena river (Colombia)

Objetivo: Demostrar la interacción hombre-fauna silvestre a través de dos reportes de tenencia de fauna silvestre como mascota en un río colombiano. Alcance: Se reportan dos casos de interacción (como mascota) entre el hombre y la nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818) en dos tributarios de la cuenca del río Magdalena (Villavieja y La Miel; 2012 y 2015, respectivamente). Metodología: Se recolectó información con base en observación directa en campo y diálogos informales con pescadores. Principales resultados: Se registraron dos individuos adultos (macho/hembra) en el río Villavieja (Tello, Huila) y una hembra juvenil en el río La Miel (Norcasia, Caldas). En ambos casos se observó interacción con personas o animales domésticos. Conclusiones: Se encontró que las nutrias y los pobladores pueden compartir el mismo paisaje ribereño. Sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer el enfoque de educación ambiental, principalmente sobre tráfico y tenencia de fauna silvestre como mascotas. Asimismo, se debe concientizar a los habitantes de la cuenca del río Magdalena, para promover la protección a largo plazo de las poblaciones de la nutria neotropical.Objectives: To demonstrate the man-wildlife interactions by two reports of possession of a wild pet in a Colombian river. Scope: Two cases of interaction about man and the neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818) as a pet are reported in two tributaries of the Magdalena River basin (Villavieja and La Miel rivers, 2012 and 2015, respectively). Methodology: Information was collected based on direct observation in the field and informal dialogues with fishermen. Main results: Two adult otter individuals (male/female) were recorded in the Villavieja river (Tello, Huila) and one juvenile female in La Miel river (Norcasia, Caldas). In both cases, interaction with people and/or domestic animals was observed. Conclusions: It was found that otters and settlers can share the same riverside landscape. However, it is necessary to strengthen the focus on environmental education, mainly on trafficking and possession of wildlife as pets. Likewise, the inhabitants of the Magdalena river basin must be aware of the importance to support the long-term conservation of the Neotropical otter populations

Modelo estratégico integral para el sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo con énfasis en la gestión del conocimiento en la empresa consorcio EXPRESS

La seguridad y la salud en el trabajo (SST) es una disciplina que trata de la prevención de las lesiones y enfermedades relacionadas con el trabajo, y de la protección y promoción de la salud de los trabajadores. Tiene por objeto mejorar las condiciones y el medio ambiente de trabajo. La salud en el trabajo conlleva la promoción y el mantenimiento del más alto grado de salud física y mental y de bienestar de los trabajadores en todas las ocupaciones. Un sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST) permite a la organización enfocarse en los riesgos críticos identificados y establecer estrategias de control para asegurar un ambiente de trabajo seguro. También incentiva la participación de los trabajadores en la toma de decisiones, hacia una mejora continua los procesos operacionales.Safety and health at work (SST) is a discipline that deals with the prevention of work-related injuries and illnesses, and the protection and promotion of workers' health. Its purpose is to improve conditions and the working environment. Occupational health involves the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical and mental health and well-being of workers in all occupations. An Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST) allows the organization to focus on the identified critical risks and establish control strategies to ensure a safe work environment. It also encourages the participation of workers in decision-making, towards continuous improvement of operational processes. It is based on the principle of the Deming (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle, PHVA, conceived in the 1950s to monitor the results of companies in a continuous manner. When applied to Occupational Health and Safety, Plan with leads to establish an OSH policy, develop plans that include the allocation of resources, the facilitation of professional competencies and the organization of the system, the identification of hazards and the evaluation of risks. Doing refers to the application and implementation of the SST program. The phrase Verify focuses on evaluating both active and reactive results of the system. Finally, we find the phrase Actuar closes the system cycle in the context of continuous improvement and the preparation of the system for the next cycle

Diseño de una alternativa de suministro de agua para Vigía del Fuerte

En este trabajo se presenta un diseño a nivel de prefactibilidad de una alternativa mejorada para el suministro de agua al municipio de Vigía del Fuerte-Antioquia (Colombia). El diseño partió de la evaluación inicial de oferta hídrica y de calidad de agua del afluente Ñagaradó, corriente que demostró tener un alto potencial y viabilizó el diseño de la alternativa de suministro de agua. En este trabajo se dimensionaron los principales elementos del sistema como la estación de bombeo, la tubería de conducción, los tanques de almacenamiento y varios escenarios para la red de distribución

Las mutaciones dentro de la constitución política de Colombia de 1991

La tesis fue desarrollada ante la necesidad de establecer y determinar cuál es realmente la Constitución Política vigente, a partir de las interpretaciones de la Corte Constitucional. Lo inédito de éste trabajo consiste en identificar las mutaciones que han tenido impacto en los derechos fundamentales y en expresiones que afectan la comunidad jurídica. De lo anterior se concluyó que además de las reformas realizadas por vía de cambios formales como el referendo, y el acto legislativo, la Constitución ha sido también transformada a través de la interpretación realizada por la Corte Constitucional en sus sentencias, que sin cambiar el texto constitucional altera su contenido y alcance de sus disposiciones, encontrando así 15 mutaciones, de las cuales 11 impactan en forma intensa los derechos fundamentales y 4 mutaciones que afectan en forma radical expresiones dentro de la comunidad jurídica.The thesis was developed in light of the need to estabüsh and determine what the current Political Constitution is, based on the interpretations of the Constitutional Court. The unpublished of this work is to identify the mutations that have had an impact on fundamental rights and expressions that affect the legal community. From the above it was concluded that in addition to the reforms made through formal changes such as the referendum, and the legislative act, the Constitution has also been transformed through the interpretaron made by the Constitutional Court in its judgments, which without changing the text Constitutional changes its content and scope of its provisions, finding 15 mutations, of which 11 impact intensely fundamental rights and 4 mutations that radicaliy affect expressions within the legal community.Magíster en Derecho ConstitucionalMaestrí

The ecology of peace : preparing Colombia for new political and planetary climates

ABSTRACT: Colombia, one of the world’s most species-rich nations, is currently undergoing a profound social transition: the end of a decadeslong conflict with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, known as FARC. The peace agreement process will likely transform the country’s physical and socioeconomic landscapes at a time when humans are altering Earth’s atmosphere and climate in unprecedented ways. We discuss ways in which these transformative events will act in combination to shape the ecological and environmental future of Colombia. We also highlight the risks of creating perverse development incentives in these critical times, along with the potential benefits – for the country and the world – if Colombia can navigate through the peace process in a way that protects its own environment and ecosystems

Redes de conocimiento : una mirada empresarial a las organizaciones del siglo XXI a partir de los diálogos de saberes y la cocreación

gráficos , tablasEl libro Redes de conocimiento. Una mirada empresarial a las organizaciones del siglo XXI a partir de los diálogos de saberes y la cocreación es el resultado del proyecto de investigación Diálogo de saberes especializaciones en gerencia financiera y alta gerencia, que fue financiado por la Dirección Nacional de Investigaciones de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina e impulsado por la Facultad de Posgrados de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina y la Facultad de Posgrados de la Universidad La Gran Colombia. El enfoque expuesto dio origen al libro Redes de conocimiento. Una mirada empresarial a las organizaciones del siglo XXI a partir de los diálogos de saberes y la cocreación que refleja la integración, la construcción y el intercambio de experiencias y saberes interdisciplinares para dar solución a problemáticas que subyacen del mundo globalizado; dado que, al contemplar los problemas de la organización desde los saberes académicos, la experiencia, las prácticas y las metodologías, se construye un horizonte de expresión crítica que parte de los enfoques de cocreación como ejes centrales de los diálogos de saberes.Primera parte: los retos de la gerencia del siglo XXI. -- La necesidad de una educación axiológica en la formación superior en Colombia y su impacto en el sector empresarial. -- La ética gerencial como elemento diferenciador en la toma de decisiones en procesos de negociación. -- Nuevos modelos administrativos para la competitividad a partir de los modelos de emprendimiento de las start-up. -- La cuarta revolución industrial y los retos en tecnologías de la información para la alta gerencia en mipymes del sector servicios de consultoría en Bogotá. -- Comparativo entre portafolios de inversión según la estrategia de minimizar el riesgo financiero, en un periodo de cinco años, para algunas entidades colombianas. -- La educación como eje de un programa de responsabilidad social corporativa, un caso aplicado. -- Segunda parte: Educación y toma de decisiones

Monetary Policy Report - July de 2021

Macroeconomic summary The Colombian economy sustained numerous shocks in the second quarter, pri¬marily related to costs and supply. The majority of these shocks were unantic¬ipated or proved more persistent than expected, interrupting the recovery in economic activity observed at the beginning of the year and pushing overall inflation above the target. Core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) increased but remained low, in line with the technical staff’s expectations. A third wave of the pandemic, which became more severe and prolonged than the previous outbreak, began in early April. This had both a high cost in terms of human life and a negative impact on Colombia's economic recovery. Between May and mid-June roadblocks and other disruptions to public order had a sig¬nificant negative effect on economic activity and inflation. The combination and magnitude of these two shocks likely led to a decline in gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the first quarter. Roadblocks also led to a significant in¬crease in food prices. The accumulated effects of global disruptions to certain value chains and increased international freight transportation prices, which since the end of 2020 have restricted supply and increased costs, also affected Colombia’s economy. The factors described above, which primarily affected the consumer price index (CPI) for goods and foods, explain to a significant degree the technical staff’s forecast errors and the increase in overall inflation above the 3% target. By contrast, increases in core inflation and in prices for regulated items were in line with the technical staff’s expectations, and can be explained largely by the elimination of various price relief measures put in place last year. An increase in perceived sovereign risk and the upward pressures that this im¬plies on international financing costs and the exchange rate were further con¬siderations. Despite significant negative shocks, economic growth in the first half of the year (9.1%) is now expected to be significantly higher than projected in the April re¬port (7.1%), a sign of a more dynamic economy that could recover more quickly than previously forecast. Diverse economic activity figures have indicated high¬er-than-expected growth since the end of 2020. This suggests that the negative effects on output from recurring waves of COVID-19 have grown weaker and less long-lasting with subsequent outbreaks. Nevertheless, the third wave of the coro¬navirus, and to an even greater degree the previously mentioned roadblocks and disruptions to public order, likely led to a decline in GDP in the second quar¬ter compared to the first. Despite this, data from the monthly economic tracking indicator (ISE) for April and May surpassed expectations, and new sector-level measures of economic activity suggest that the negative impact of the pandemic on output continues to moderate, amid reduced restrictions on mobility and im¬provements in the pace of vaccination programs. Freight transportation registers (June) and unregulated energy demand (July), among other indicators, suggest a significant recovery following the roadblocks in May. Given the above, annual GDP growth in the second quarter is expected to have been around 17.3% (previously 15.8%), explained in large part by a low basis of comparison. The technical staff revised its growth projection for 2021 upward from 6% to 7.5%. This forecast, which comes with an unusually high degree of uncertain¬ty, assumes no additional disruptions to public order and that any new waves of COVID-19 will not have significant additional negative effects on economic activity. Recovery in international demand, price levels for some of Colombia’s export com¬modities, and remittances from workers abroad have all performed better than projected in the previous report. This dynamic is expected to continue to drive recovery in the national income over the rest of the year. Continued ample international liquidity, an acceleration in vacci¬nation programs, and low interest rates can also be ex¬pected to favor economic activity. Improved performance in the second quarter, which led to an upward growth revision for all components of spending, is expected to continue, with the economy returning to 2019 production levels at the end of 2021, earlier than estimated in the April report. This forecast continues to account for the short-term effects on aggregate demand of a tax reform package along the lines of what is currently being pro-posed by the national government. Given the above, the central forecast scenario in this report projects growth in 2021 of 7.5% and in 2022 of 3.1% (Graph 1.1). In this scenar¬io, economic activity would nonetheless remain below potential. The noted improvement in these projections comes with a high degree of uncertainty. Annual inflation increased more than expected in June (3.63%) as a result of changes in food prices, while growth in core inflation (1.87%) was similar to projections. The in¬creased CPI for foods would be expected to persist for the remainder of the year, contributing to inflation remaining above the target. Overall and core inflation would be ex¬pected to return to close to 3% at the end of 2022, amid a deceleration in growth in the CPI for foods and reduced ex¬cess productive capacity. Recent increases in international freight and agricultural goods prices, as well as the live¬stock cycle and increased meat exports, have exerted up¬ward pressure on food prices, primarily in processed foods (see Box 21). In addition to these persistent factors affecting prices, national roadblocks and related disruptions to pub¬lic order in several cities throughout May and parts of June were reflected in a significant restriction of supply and an unexpected annual increase in the CPI for foods (8.52%). Inflation in regulated items (5.93%) also accelerated, due to a low basis of comparison on gasoline prices and the par¬tial lapse of relief measures on utility rates that were put in place in 2020. Inflation excluding food and regulated items recovered in line with projections to 1.87%, due to the rein¬statement of indirect taxes on certain goods and services that had been temporarily eliminated in 2020, and to up¬ward pressures exerted by prices for foods away from home (FAH), among other factors. The increase in perishable foods prices is expected to be reversed over the course of the year, assuming an absence of additional, long-lasting blockades of national roads. Increased processed food pric¬es would be expected to persist and contribute to keeping inflation above the target at the end of the year. Inflation excluding foods and regulated items is expected to contin¬ue to exhibit an upward trend, as excesses in productive ca¬pacity continue to close, and register a temporary increase in March 2022 largely due to the reinstatement of the FAH consumption tax. Given the above, overall year-end infla¬tion is expected to be 4.1% in 2021 and 3.1% in 2022 (Graph 1.2), and core inflation is expected to be 2.6% in 2021 and 3.2% in 2022 (Graph 1.3). The technical staff has interpreted the overall behavior of prices in the CPI excluding food and regulated items, alongside continued unexpected increases in economic activity, as signs of more ample excess productive capaci¬ty in the economy. This would be expected to persist over the next two years, with the output gap closing at the end of that period. Increased economic growth suggests a less negative output gap than estimated last quarter. Nevertheless, the behavior of core inflation, especially in services, suggests that potential GDP has recovered to an unanticipated degree and that ample excess capacity con¬tinues, with a persistent effect on aggregate demand. La¬bor market observation supports this interpretation, with persistent high levels of unemployment and stagnation in the recovery of jobs lost as a result of the pandemic. Increased inflation can be explained largely by shocks re¬lated to costs and supply, and by the dissolution of some price relief measures put in place in 2020. The growth and inflation forecasts described above would be consistent with a less negative output gap closing more quickly across the forecast horizon compared to the projection from the April report. Nevertheless, uncertainty surrounding excess capacity is very high and constitutes a risk to the forecast (Graphic 1.4). The fiscal accounts outlook deteriorated, Standard and Poor’s Global Ratings (S&P) and Fitch Ratings (Fitch) down¬graded Colombia’s credit rating, roadblocks and disrup¬tions to public order affected output, and the country faced a third wave of COVID-19 that was more severe and prolonged than the previous outbreak. These factors were reflected in an increased risk premium and depreciation of the peso compared to the dollar. This occurred in a favor¬able context in regard to foreign income, as international prices for oil, coffee, and other Colombian export goods in¬creased. This contributed to a recovery in the terms of trade and in the national income and mitigated upward pres¬sures on the risk premium and the exchange rate. Expected oil prices in this report are USD 68 per barrel (previous¬ly USD 61/bl) for 2021 and USD 66/bl (previously USD 60/ bl) for 2022. This increased trajectory shows convergence to oil prices below recently observed levels, as a result of increased global supply that would more than offset increased demand. As a result, the recent price increase is expected to be temporary. International financial conditions are expected to become somewhat less fa¬vorable in the current macroeconomic context, despite the improvement in foreign income due to increased demand and some higher prices for oil and other export products. Growth in foreign demand was better than expected in the previous report, with projections for 2021 and 2022 increasing from 5.2% to 6.0% and from 3.4% to 3.5%, respectively. For the year to date, figures for economic activity suggest more dynamic foreign demand than previously expected. Output recovery has been faster in the United States and China than in Latin America, as economic reactivation in the latter has been limit¬ed by outbreaks of COVID-19, restricted vaccine supplies, and a lack of fiscal space to confront the pandemic, among other factors. The positive dynamic in foreign goods trade has come amid a deterioration in value chains and a significant increase in commodities and freight prices (see Box 3). Inflation in the United States has been unexpectedly high, with observed and expected values remaining above the target, while growth forecasts have been revised upward. As a result, the beginning of a normalization in monetary policy in the U.S. could come earlier than previously projected. This report estimates that the U.S. Federal Reserve’s first rate increase will come at the end of 2022 (before the first quarter of 2023). Colombia’s risk premium is projected to be higher than forecast in the April report, and is expected to remain on a growth trajectory given the country’s accumulation of public and external debt. This would be expected to contribute to an increase in international financing costs on the forecast horizon. An expansionary monetary policy stance continues to support favorable do¬mestic financing conditions. The interbank rate and the reference banking indi¬cator (IBR)remained consistent with the policy interest rate in the second quar¬ter. Average deposit and credit rates continued at historical lows, despite some observed increases at the end of June. The peso-denominated credit portfolio continued to decelerate in annual terms and, between March and June, growth in the household credit portfolio accelerated, primarily related to housing pur¬chases. Disbursements and recovery in the commercial credit portfolio were significant, returning to high levels observed one year ago, when businesses required significant levels of liquidity to confront the economic effects of the pandemic. Meanwhile, credit risk increased, liability provisions remained high, and some banks withdrew from the balance of their past-due portfolios. Nev¬ertheless, financial system earnings have recovered, and liquidity and solvency levels remain above regulatory minimums. Beginning with this report, a new methodology will be used to quantify and communicate the uncertainty surrounding central macroeconomic fore¬casts in the context of an active monetary policy. The new methodology, known as predictive densities (PD), will be explained in detail in Box 1. PD methodology provides probability distributions of the main forecast vari¬ables (e.g. growth, inflation) based on the balance of risks of key factors that, in the technical staff’s judgment, could affect the economy on the forecast horizon. These distributions reflect the result of possible shocks (to external variables, prices, and economic activity) that the economy could sustain and the transmission effects considering Colombia’s economic structure and anticipated monetary policy responses. As a result, PD allows for the quantification of uncertainty around the central forecast and of its bias. In this report, the PD exercise shows a downward bias for both economic growth and output gap, while the op¬posite is shown for headline inflation (Graphs 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3). The balance of risks indicates more complex mone¬tary policy dilemmas than previously expected. The most significant anticipated risk regarding external financing would be a return to less favorable conditions in a sce¬nario in which the U.S. Federal Reserve promptly raises interest rates. Such a decision could come as the result of current levels of economic growth and higher-than-ex¬pected employment generating significant inflationary pressures on that country. Uncertainty regarding Colom¬bia’s fiscal outlook and the subsequent effects on the risk premium and external financing costs represent addi¬tional considerations. The risks to economic growth are mainly downside risks, relating especially to the effects of political and fiscal uncertainty on consumption and investment decisions and the potential for additional waves of COVID-19 and the subsequent effects on eco-nomic activity. Inflation risks take into account the po¬tential for more persistent shocks associated with dis¬ruption to value chains, higher international commodity and food prices, and a slower-than-expected recovery in the national agricultural chain as a result of the recent roadblocks. These would represent upward risks primarily to food and goods prices. The main downside risk to the inflation forecast would come from an increase in rental housing prices below the central scenario projection. This would be explained by weak demand and increased sup¬ply in 2022 as a result of high observed housing sales this year. All told, the PD exercise reveals a downward bias for economic growth forecast, with 90% probability of growth between 6.1% and 9.1% for 2021 and between 0.5% and 4.1% in 2022. The output gap also exhibits a downward bias to the central forecast scenario, primarily in 2022. On the contrary, an upward bias is expected for headline inflation forecast, with 90% probability ranging between 3.7% and 4.9% in 2021 and between 2.2% and 4.7% in 2022. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in June and July the BDBR left the bench¬mark interest rate unchanged at 1.75% (Graph 1.5).Box 1. Characterizing and Communicating the Balance of Risks of Macroeconomic Forecasts: A Predictive Densities Approach for Colombia Authors: Juan Camilo Méndez-Vizcaíno, César Ánzola-Bravo, Alexander Guarín y Anderson Grajales-OlarteBox 2. Analysis of Recent Disturbances in Global Logistics Chains and their Impact on Colombian Import Markets. Authors: Aarón Garavito, Juan Diego Cortés, Stefany Andrea Moreno, Alex Fernando Pérez y Juan Esteban CarranzaBox 3. The Upward Dynamics of Food Prices. Authors: Edgar Caicedo G., Andrea Salazar D. y Jesús Daniel Sarmiento S