An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Fil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Pinos Rodríguez, J. Manuel. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas; MéxicoFil: Mattioli, Guillermo Alberto. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Doctor of Pharmacy

dissertationAminoglycosides are often used to treat severe gram-negative infections. It is desirable to achieve adequate peak concentrations for successful eradication of the infection, while minimizing the trough concentration, in order to decrease the amount of drug presented to the renal proximal tubule and thus theorectically decrease the risk of nephrotoxicity. For these reasons, serum aminoglycoside concentrations are monitored. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are frequently hospitalized for treatment of pseudomonal pulmonary infections. CF patients have been shown to have altered pharmacokinetic characteristics in handling genamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. More specifically, they generally have an increased volume of distribution (Vd) and an increased total body clearance. The mechanism responsible for these altered pharmacokinetic characteristics is not clear. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether there was a difference in the predictive utility of the two methods in CF patient. A secondary objective was to determine if either method more frequently resulted in predicted or actual trough serum tobramycin concentrations of greater than 2.0 mg/l

A socio-technical perspective on the future Vessel Traffic Services

Autonomy is expected to cause significant changes to the Maritime Traffic System (MTS). The Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) is a control system in the MTS and will be affected by new interactions caused by autonomy. The paper proposes a proactive approach in discussing the future VTS. The paper renders the historical development of socio-technical systems theory and argues for systemic evaluation of internal and external consequences of changes in the design of the future VTS. A democratic process to involve people from the various levels of the VTS organisation with different competencies is suggested. To evaluate the consequences of change, a systemic internal and external approach is suggested. For discussing internal consequences, a levelled socio-technical systems model is adapted and applied. External consequences are suggested to be discussed by applying design principles of system-of-systems to understand the interplay between VTS and the MTS

Intravenous glucagon like peptide-1 infusion does not affect dry matter intake or hypothalamic mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide and proopiomelanocortin in wethers

The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of jugular vein infusions of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dietary fat inclusion on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and hypothalamic mRNA concentration of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide, and proopiomelanocortin in growing sheep. Thirty-six wethers were used (40.793.3 kg BW). Treatments were a control diet (n=11), dietary addition (6% of dry matter) of Ca salts of palm oil fatty acids (n=12), or 6-d jugular vein infusions of 0.155 μg/kg body weight/day of GLP-1 21 (n = 11). Hormone concentrations were measured in jugular vein plasma from samples taken on days 1, 4 and 6. On day 7, the wethers were slaughtered for ypothalamus collection to measure mRNA concentration. The dietary addition of 6% of Ca salts of palm oil increased plasma GLP-1 concentration (PB0.01) and decreased dry matter intake on day 1, but not on day 6 (time x treatment interaction, PB0.05). The infusion of GLP-1 did not change dry matter intake (P>0.20), but increasedneutral detergent fibre digestibility (PB0.01). In conclusion, glucagon like peptide-1 infusion or feeding fat did not decrease dry matter intake or affect hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA concentrations of sheep

A Pacific University optometry graduate survey

A Pacific University optometry graduate surve

An evaluation of Panicum maximum cv. Gatton: 1. The effect of stocking rate and period of absence on the production of sheep

The aim of this study was to evaluate the livestock production potential of Panicum maximum cv. Gatton cultivated under dry-land conditions and grazed at various stocking rates after various periods of re-growth. Treatments included a high stocking rate, fast rotation treatment (A), a medium stocking rate, medium rotation treatment (B) and a low stocking rate, long rotation treatment (C). The initial availability of dry matter differed between treatments and was lowest for treatment A and highest for treatment C. The same trend was observed for terminal availability of dry matter. The initial leaf:stem ratio did not differ between treatments A and B, but was lower for treatment C. The terminal ratio did not differ between treatments A and C but was higher for treatment B. Pasture height differed between treatments and was lowest for treatment A and highest for treatment C both at the beginning and end of the period. The sheep subject to treatment C had the highest average daily gain and there was no difference between treatments A and B. Although treatment B resulted in the best individual performance, the highest stocking rate yielded the highest livestock production per ha. (South African Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 31(2): 77-83

An evaluation of Panicum maximum cv. Gatton: 3. The partial digestion by sheep of organic matter, nitrogen and neutral detergent fibre of herbage at three stages of maturity during summer, autumn or winter

The aim of this study was to quantify the partial digestion of organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in sheep grazing Panicum maximum cv. Gatton pastures at three stages of pasture maturity during summer, autumn or winter. As pasture progressed from the young to the mature stage, OM digestibility decreased for all seasons, but OM disappearance in the rumen was unaffected. OM disappearance from the small intestine decreased with increasing pasture maturity during summer, and OM disappearance from the large intestine decreased with increasing pasture maturity during winter. N disappearance from the small intestine decreased with increasing pasture maturity during all seasons and N disappearance from the large intestine decreased with increasing pasture maturity in summer. Non ammonia nitrogen disappearance from the small intestine was decreased with increasing pasture maturity only for mature autumn pasture. Total tract N disappearance decreased with increasing pasture maturity during summer and autumn. NDF disappearance from the rumen decreased with increasing pasture maturity during autumn and winter, while NDF disappearance from the large intestine was unaffected. NDF disappearance from the total tract decreased with increasing pasture maturity during all seasons. It was concluded that P. maximum cv. Gatton pasture would best be utilized at the younger stages of development and that nutritional value would be higher in summer followed by younger autumn and winter pastures. (South African Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 31(2): 93-100

An evaluation of Panicum maximum cv. Gatton: 2. The influence of stage of maturity on diet selection, intake and rumen fermentation in sheep

The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value of Panicum maximum cv. Gatton for sheep production in three different seasons and at three different stages of maturity. More mature pasture, compared to younger pasture, resulted in lower quality being selected. This was reflected in lower N values, lower digestibility and higher NDF, ADF and ADL values in selected material. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) also decreased with maturity. Grazing of more mature pasture resulted in lower rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) levels and higher acetic:propionic acid ratios. This trend was noted in all seasons. The nutritional value of the pasture in summer was high enough to meet at least the maintenance requirements of sheep in all stages of maturity evaluated. The nutritional value of the young and medium mature autumn pasture was also high enough to meet at least the maintenance requirements, but at the mature stage intake was too low. Intake in winter at all stages of maturity, was too low to meet the maintenance requirements of sheep. (South African Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 31(2): 85-92

An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Instituto de Genética Veterinari