Determinación de la edad y el crecimiento del pulpo blanco Eledone cirrhosa (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) mediante el análisis de incrementos en el estilete

Age and growth of the horned octopus Eledone cirrhosa are estimated for the first time by stylet increment analysis. Specimens were collected between March 2009 and March 2010 from the commercial trawl fishery operating off northwestern Iberian coasts. A pool of stylets representing all size classes were defined by means of modal progression analysis performed separately for each sex in northern and western fishing grounds over a total of 2220 individuals (306 males and 595 females from the northern fishing ground; and 379 males and 940 females from the western fishing ground). In total, 122 stylets belonging to individuals with a total weight ranging from 67 to 950 g were successfully analysed. Age of the specimens was estimated assuming a daily deposition rate of growth increments within the stylet. Estimated age of the specimens varied from 106 to 516 days. Differential longevity between sexes was observed, with females reaching a life span of 17 months while males attained reached only 14 months, although the possibility that this difference might be even greater is discussed. Based on estimated age, hatching date was back-calculated and it was concluded that hatching occurs throughout the year, with a peak in winter. Relative instantaneous growth rates estimated for 90-day age classes, ranged from 0.03% to 2.17% of body weight per day, depending on age. The results obtained are compared with the information available on this species.La edad y el crecimiento del pulpo blanco Eledone cirrhosa son estimados por primera vez mediante el análisis de incrementos del estilete (SIA). Los especímenes fueron obtenidos, entre marzo de 2009 y marzo de 2010, provenientes de la pesquería de arrastre comercial que opera en la costa noroeste de la Península Ibérica. Un conjunto de estiletes, en representación de todas las clases de tamaño, fue definido mediante un análisis de progresión modal realizado por separado para cada sexo en los caladeros del norte y oeste, sobre un total de 2220 individuos (306 machos y 595 hembras procedentes de la costa norte y 379 machos y 940 hembras de la costa oeste). Un total de 122 estiletes, pertenecientes a especímenes con un peso total de entre 67 y 950 g, fueron analizados con éxito. La edad de los especímenes se calculó asumiendo una tasa de deposición diaria de los incrementos de crecimiento en el estilete. La edad estimada de los especímenes fue de entre 106 y 516 días. Se observó una longevidad diferencial entre sexos; en las hembras se registró una esperanza de vida de hasta 17 meses, mientras que los machos tan sólo alcanzaron 14 meses, aunque se discute la posibilidad de que esta diferencia podría ser aún mayor. En base en la edad estimada se calculó la fecha de eclosión, concluyendo que la eclosión se produce durante todo el año, con un repunte durante el invierno. Las tasas de crecimiento relativo instantáneo (G), estimadas para clases de edad de 90 días, variaron desde el 0.03% hasta el 2.17% del peso total por día, dependiendo de la edad. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con la información disponible sobre esta especie

Análise comparativa e actualización dos valores sobre función pulmonar, forza e resistencia da musculatura respiratoria en persoas con e sen fibromialxia: un proxecto de investigación

[Resumen] Introducción La fibromialgia se define como una afección crónica idiopática que constituye un síndrome caracterizado por dolor musculoesquelético no inflamatorio difuso y generalizado, con baja tolerancia al dolor, hiperalgesia y alodinia. Además de estos síntomas, nos encontramos con otros como fatiga, trastornos del sueño, problemas de salud mental, rigidez o problemas cognitivos, suponiendo por tanto una afectación multisistémica. La fisioterapia se encuadra como uno de los tratamientos principales en el manejo de la enfermedad, abordándola desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar. Objetivo. Analizar y actualizar los valores en cuanto a función pulmonar, fuerza y resistencia de la musculatura respiratoria en sujetos con fibromialgia, comparando los resultados con sujetos sanos. Material y método. Se plantea un estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal en el que se reclutarán a 60 sujetos, 30 sujetos sanos en el grupo control y 30 sujetos con fibromialgia en el grupo experimental, obteniéndose la muestra del último grupo a través de la Asociación Coruñesa de Fibromialgia, Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica y Sensibilidad Química Múltiple. Se busca comparar la función pulmonar, la fuerza y resistencia de la musculatura respiratoria entre ambos grupos, apareados por sexo y edad, y con su propio valor de referencia. Los participantes de ambos grupos realizarán las siguientes pruebas: espirometría simple y forzada, presiones respiratorias máximas, pruebas de resistencia de la musculatura inspiratoria, máxima ventilación voluntaria y test de seis minutos marcha. Además, cumplimentarán un test multidimensional sobre la fatiga, una escala sobre la disnea, un cuestionario sobre el impacto de la fibromialgia, y otro sobre el nivel de actividad física, con el fin de caracterizar la muestra. Al finalizar el período de estudio, se compararán los resultados obtenidos entre ambos grupos y se valorará la relación entre las variables de estudio con la fibromialgia.[Abstract] Background. Fibromyalgia is defined as a chronic idiopathic condition that constitutes a syndrome characterized by diffuse and generalized non-inflammatory musculoskeletal pain, with low pain tolerance, hyperalgesia and allodynia. In addition to these symptoms, we find others such as fatigue, sleep disorders, mental health problems, stiffness or cognitive problems, thus assuming a multisystemic affectation. Physiotherapy is framed as one of the main treatments in the management of the disease, approaching it from a multidisciplinary perspective. Objetive. To analyze and update the values of pulmonary function, strength and endurance of the respiratory muscles in subjects with fibromyalgia, comparing the results with healthy subjects. Methods. A descriptive observational cross-sectional study is proposed in which 60 subjects will be recruited, 30 healthy subjects in the control group and 30 subjects with fibromyalgia in the experimental group, the sample of the latter group being obtained through the Asociación Coruñesa de Fibromialgia, Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica y Sensibilidad Química Múltiple (Coruña Association of Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity). The aim is to compare the pulmonary function, strength and endurance of the respiratory musculature between both groups, matched by sex and age, and with their own reference value. The participants of both groups will perform the following tests: simple and forced spirometry, maximum respiratory pressures, inspiratory muscle resistance tests, maximum voluntary ventilation and six-minute walk test. They will also complete a multidimensional fatigue test, a dyspnea scale, a questionnaire on the impact of fibromyalgia, and another on the level of physical activity, in order to characterize the sample. At the end of the study period, the results obtained between the two groups will be compared and the relationship between the study variables and fibromyalgia will be assessed.[Resumo] Introdución. A fibromialxia defínese como unha afección crónica idiopática que constitúe un síndrome caracterizado por dor musculoesquelética non inflamatoria difusa e xeneralizada, con baixa tolerancia á dor, hiperalxia e alodinia. Ademais destes síntomas, atópanse outros como fatiga, trastornos do sono, problemas de saúde mental, rixidez ou problemas cognitivos, supoñendo por tanto unha afectación multisistémica. A fisioterapia encádrase como un dos tratamentos principais no manexo da enfermidade, abordándoa dende unha perspectiva multidisciplinar. Obxectivo. Analizar e actualizar os valores en canto á función pulmonar, forza e resistencia da musculatura respiratoria en suxeitos con fibromialxia, comparando os resultados con suxeitos sans. Material e método. Planifícase un estudo descritivo observacional de corte transversal no que se reclutarán a 60 suxeitos, 30 suxeitos sanos no grupo control e 30 suxeitos con fibromialxia no grupo experimental, obténdose a mostra do último grupo a través da Asociación Coruñesa de Fibromialxia, Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica e Sensibilidade Química Múltiple. Buscase comparar a función pulmonar, a forza e resistencia da musculatura respiratoria entre ambos os grupos, aparellados por sexo e idade, e co seu propio valor de referencia. Os participantes de ambos os grupos realizarán as seguintes probas: espirometría simple e forzada, presións respiratorias máximas, probas de resistencia da musculatura inspiratoria, máxima ventilación voluntaria e teste de seis minutos de marcha. Ademais, cumprimentarán un teste multidimensional sobre a fatiga, unha escala sobre a dispnea, un cuestionario sobre o impacto da fibromialxia e outro sobre o nivel de actividade física, co fin de caracterizar a mostra. Ao rematar o período de estudo, compararanse os resultados obtidos entre ambos os grupos e valorarase a relación entre as variables de estudo e a fibromialxia.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FCS). Fisioterapia. Curso 2022/2023

Ecologia do polvo-do-alto Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck, 1798) na Atlântico Ibérico

Doutoramento em Biologia - Biologia MarinhaO presente trabalho aborda o estudo de diversos aspectos da ecologia do polvo-do-alto, Eledone cirrhosa (Lamark, 1798) na costa noroeste da Península Ibérica, entre o oeste do Golfo da Vizcaya ao norte de Portugal. O polvo- do-alto é um octópode bentónico que se distribuí ao longo da plataforma e do talude continental em toda a bacia mediterranica e do Atlántico nordeste, desde Marrocos até à Noruega, incluindo as Ilhas Britânicas e Islândia. No noroeste da Península Ibéria esta espécie é considerada acessória da pesca de arrasto, direccionada fundamentalmente à captura de pescada (Merluccius merluccius), tamboril (Lophius sp.) e o lagostim (Nephrops norvegicus). Os desembarques de polvo- do-alto mostram um padrão cíclico concordante com o ciclo de vida da espécie, embora o interesse comercial varie consideravelmente em toda a sua área de distribuição. De acordo com os relatórios do Conselho Internacional para a Exploração dos Mares (CIEM/ICES), os desembarques de E. cirrhosa nas subáreas VIIIc e IXa norte atingiram 1.145 t em 2013. No que diz respeito ao tamanho (comprimento do manto, ML) máximo e parâmetros reprodutivos (maturação, fecundidade e o tamanho dos ovos / espermatóforos), os indivíduos das águas do noroeste da Península Ibérica têm características intermédias aos apresentados pelos indivíduos do norte da Europa e do Mediterrâneo, o que sugere um gradiente nas condições ambientais ao longo da sua área de distribuição. Este gradiente reflecte-se também nos resultados encontrados em nossa área de estudo. Durante a amostragem realizada ao longo de dois anos, foi observada uma tendência significativa para uma proporção sexual, dominada pelas fêmeas. Na costa noroeste da Península Ibérica, o período de postura da espécie concentrou-se nos meses de maio e junho. De modo semelhante ao tamanho máximo, o tamanho da primeira maturação sexual aumentou com a latitude em ambos os sexos. No caso das fêmeas, o tamanho da primeira maturação variou entre 100 e 134 mm ML, e nos machos entre 91 e 108 mm ML, dependendo da zona de captura. A análise das capturas por unidade de esforço (CPUE), obtidas em campanhas científicas feitas em diferentes momentos do ciclo reprodutivo da espécie, mostra variações na sua distribuição e abundância na costa noroeste da Península Ibérico. A modelação geoestatística das capturas descreve a migração para menores profundidades durante época de desova. A dieta do polvo-do-alto no Atlântico Ibérico, foi estudada pela primeira vez através da combinação da análise visual e molecular do conteúdo do estômago. A dieta de E. cirrhosa nesta área é composta principalmente por crustáceos (74,64%), seguido de peixes (16,84%) e, em menor proporção, por equinodermes (5,51%), moluscos (4,92%) e poliquetas (2,09%). A dieta da espécie foi modelada por meio de regressão logística multinomial (MLR). De acordo com o modelo desenvolvido, os principais fatores que afetam aos padrões alimentares foram: o estado de maturação, os pesqueiros de origem e a época do ano. Os resultados, em combinação com a literatura existente sobre a distribuição das presas, sugerem que E. cirrhosa não é um caçador totalmente oportunista, mas sim um generalista selectivo. No presente estudo estimou-se pela primeira vez a idade de E. cirrhosa analisando os anéis de crescimento na concha vestigial (bastonete). Foi analisada uma sub-amostra de 122 indivíduos entre 67 e 950 g, seleccionados a partir de uma amostra total de 2220 indivíduos, através de análise de progressão modal (MPA) para representar todas as classes de tamanho. A idade estimada variou entre 106 e 516 dias e as fêmeas foram significativamente mais longevas (17 meses) do que os machos (14 meses). Com base nas idades estimadas a data de eclosão dos ovos foi calculada, concluindo que, embora existam nascimentos durante todo o ano, eles estão mais concentrados durante o inverno. A taxa de crescimento relativo instantânea, isto é, o aumento da percentagem de peso do corpo por dia, estimada para classes de idade de 90 dias, variou entre 0,03% e 2,17%, diminuindo ao longo do ciclo de vida dos indivíduos. Fornece-se informação nova sobre o comportamento desta espécie, baseada na observação directa de exemplares no aquário. Alguns indivíduos iniciaram espontaneamente a postura em abrigos dispostos no interior dos aquários. Mais tarde verificou-se que, tal como no Octopus vulgaris, a espécie oferece cuidados maternais durante o período de desenvolvimento embrionário. Durante este período, as fêmeas ficam dentro do abrigo onde depositaram os ovos e concentram-se no seu cuidado. A espécie tolera as condições de cativeiro, indicando a sua aptidão para o cultivo tanto para fins experimentais como comerciais. Apesar de sua importância para o sector das pescas, a escassez de estudos sobre E. cirrhosa faz com que a informação apresentada neste documento constitua um marco na compreensão do ciclo de vida da espécie na costa noroeste da Península Ibérica e, portanto, representa uma importante contribuição para o conhecimento global da teutofauna Ibérica.This Ph.D. Dissertation deals on the study of several aspects of the ecology of the horned octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Lamark, 1798) in the NW Iberian Peninsula, from western gulf of Biscay to north Portugal. The horned octopus is a benthic octopod distributed along the continental shelf and slope throughout the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic from Morocco to Norway, including the British Isles and Iceland. In the NW Iberian Peninsula this species is considered as a by-catch of trawling fishery, mainly targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius), monkfish (Lophius sp.) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Horned octopus landings show a cyclical pattern consistent with its life cycle, and its commercial interest considerably varies throughout its geographic range. According to ICES reports, landings of E. cirrhosa in VIIIc and IXa north subareas reached 1145 t in 2013. In terms of both body size and main reproductive parameters (such as maturation, fecundity, and eggs/spermatophores size), specimens of E. cirrhosa from northwest Iberian Peninsula have intermediate characteristics to those exhibited by individuals from the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and those from the Mediterranean Sea, suggesting some gradation on environmental conditions. This gradient, in turn, was also found in our study area. During the sampling, carried out over two years, a significant bias was observed in the relative abundance between sexes, always favourable to females. The spawning season of the species also varies throughout its range. Specifically, in the northwest Iberian it concentrates in May and June. Similarly to the maximum size, the size-at-maturity increased with latitude. This population parameter ranged from 100 to 134 mm mantle length (ML) for females and between 91 and 108 mm ML for males, depending on the fishing ground. The analysis of catches per unit effort (CPUE) obtained from scientific surveys and carried out at different times of the reproductive cycle of the species shows the existence of spatio-temporal variations on its distribution and abundance in the northwest Iberian sector. The geostatistical modelling of catches depicts the seasonal migration performed by mature individuals to shallower waters during the spawning season. The diet of the horned octopus in the north-western Iberian Peninsula was studied for the first time by combining visual and molecular analysis of stomach contents. The diet of E. cirrhosa in the area was mainly composed by crustaceans (74.64%), followed by fish (16.84%) and, to a lesser extent echinoderms (5.51%), mollusks (4.92%) and polychaetes (2.09%). Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) was used for modelling feeding trends of the species. According to it, the main factors affecting feeding patterns were maturity stage, fishing ground and season. The obtained results, in combination with the previous literature on the distribution of prey, suggest that E. cirrhosa is not a totally opportunistic hunter, but rather a selective generalist. The age of E. cirrhosa was estimated for the first time by stylet increment analysis. A total of 122 individuals, ranging from 67 to 950 g, were selected from a total sample of 2220 specimens using a modal progression analysis (MPA), in order to represent all size classes. The estimated age ranged from 106-516 days and females were significantly more long-lived (17 months) than males (14 months). Based on the estimated ages, hatching date was back-calculated, concluding that hatchings, although occur throughout the year, are mostly concentrated during winter. The instantaneous relative growth rate, i.e. the increase in % body weight per day, estimated for age classes of 90 days, ranged between 0.03% and 2.17%, decreasing throughout the development of individuals. New behavioural information on this species is provided based on the observation of live specimens under confined conditions. E. cirrhosa spontaneously spawned within the shelters arranged inside the tanks. The species do nesting and care their eggs in a similar way to Octopus vulgaris. During this breeding period the female remains inside the shelter, taking care of the eggs. The species easily adapted to aquarium conditions, suggesting its suitability for rearing with either experimental or commercial purposes. Despite its importance for the fishing sector, the scarcity of studies focused on this species makes the information offered in the present work an important milestone in understanding the life cycle of E. cirrhosa in NW Iberian Peninsula, and, therefore, it represents a meaningful contribution to a comprehensive knowledge of the Iberian teuthofauna

Continuous lactate-driven dark fermentation of restaurant food waste: Process characterization and new insights on transient feast/famine perturbations

Producción CientíficaThe effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the continuous lactate-driven dark fermentation (LD-DF) of food waste (FW) was investigated. The robustness of the bioprocess against feast/famine perturbations was also explored. The stepwise HRT decrease from 24 to 16 and 12 h in a continuously stirred tank fermenter fed with simulated restaurant FW impacted on hydrogen production rate (HPR). The optimal HRT of 16 h supported a HPR of 4.2 L H2/L-d. Feast/famine perturbations caused by 12-h feeding interruptions led to a remarkable peak in HPR up to 19.2 L H2/L-d, albeit the process became stable at 4.3 L H2/L-d following perturbation. The occurrence of LD-DF throughout the operation was endorsed by metabolites analysis. Particularly, hydrogen production positively correlated with lactate consumption and butyrate production. Overall, the FW LD-DF process was highly sensitive but resilient against transient feast/famine perturbations, supporting high-rate HPRs under optimal HRTs.European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 894515MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 - Unión Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR (Grant RYC2021‐034559‐I)Junta de Castilla y León - EU-FEDER (CLU 2017-09, CL-EI-2021-07 y UIC 315

Elucidating the role of pH and total solids content in the co-production of biohydrogen and carboxylic acids from food waste via lactate-driven dark fermentation

Producción CientíficaNotwithstanding lactate-driven dark fermentation (LD-DF) can cope with inhibition issues associated with the over-proliferation of lactate producers, there is still a knowledge gap about the role of key operational parameters. In this study, the effect of pH and total solids (TS) content on the co-production of hydrogen and carboxylic acids, including medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs), from food waste (FW) via LD-DF was investigated. A series of batch fermentations was conducted, first, without pH control, and then at fixed pH values of 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5, while maintaining constant the TS content at 5 %. It was observed that the higher the operational pH, the lower the accumulation of lactate and the higher the extent and rate of hydrogen production, sustaining a maximum hydrogen production yield and rate of 81 NmL/g VS fed and 9 NL/L-d, respectively, at pH 6.5. In a second series of batch tests, the TS content was adjusted to 5, 7.5 and 10 % while pH was set at 6.5. The highest hydrogen production performance (103 NmL/g-VS fed and 13.3 NL/L-d) was achieved at 7.5 % TS, which also resulted in the highest accumulation of MCCAs, particularly of caproate, with an associated titer of 8.7 g/L. Hydrogen production plateaued with the exhaustion of lactate regardless of the condition tested. Further assessment through biochemical methane potential tests showed that LD-DF effluents can be alternatively valorised into biogas. Overall, the results obtained confirmed the key role of pH and TS content in the LD-DF of FW and suggested that this non-conventional route may be an alternative approach to cope with lactate flux diverted toward undesirable non-hydrogen-producing metabolic pathways.European Commission-H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 project UP-GRAD (894515)Junta de Castilla y León y EU-FEDER (program CLU 2017-09, CL-EI-2021-07, and UIC 315

Biotic and abiotic insights into the storage of food waste and its effect on biohydrogen and methane production potential

Producción CientíficaThe present study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological changes occurring during the storage of simulated restaurant food waste (FW) and how such changes affected its biohydrogen and biogas production potential. FW was stored for 72 h in a closed atmosphere under two different scenarios: i) without and ii) with inoculation of a mixed microbial culture harboring lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Both storage scenarios resulted in similar biotic and abiotic changes in FW. Particularly, FW was pre-acidified and pre-hydrolyzed to some extent during the storage, resulting in a feedstock enriched in LAB (≈ 95 % total relative abundance) and lactate (10.5–12.3 g/L, 87.0–90.5 % selectivity). Biochemical hydrogen potential tests revealed that the use of stored FW resulted in similar or even higher hydrogen production efficiencies compared to that of non-stored FW, achieving up to 60 NmL H2/g VS added and a maximum volumetric hydrogen production rate of 9.7 NL H2/L-d. Metabolically, the conversion of lactate into hydrogen was crucial regardless of the use of non-stored or stored FW, albeit the presence of fermentable carbohydrates in the substrate was also essential either to produce lactate or to co-produce extra hydrogen. On the contrary, biochemical methane potential tests showed that the biogas production potential of FW was not affected by storage, yielding on average 400 NmL CH4/g VS added and revealing that lactate oxidation to methane precursors represented an important step in FW biomethanization.European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 894515Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - AEI and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (RYC2021-034559-I)Junta de Castilla y León and the European FEDER Programme (CLU 2017-09, CL-EI-2021-07 y UIC 315

Structure and Trophic Niches in Mobile Epifauna Assemblages Associated With Seaweeds and Habitats of Syngnathid Fishes in Cíes Archipelago (Atlantic Islands Marine National Park, North West Iberia)

[Abstract] Syngnathids are vulnerable fishes closely associated with seaweeds and seagrass, which provide shelter and food resources. Even though most syngnathids commonly feed on small crustaceans, the feeding regimes may differ depending on the species and prey availability. This is the first monitoring study to explain syngnathid abundances and dietary regimes within macroalgal beds in Cíes Archipelago (Atlantic Islands Marine National Park, North West Iberian Peninsula). We sampled the epifaunal assemblages in seaweed communities dominated by the canopy-forming macroalgae Gongolaria baccata and Codium spp. seasonally during 2 years. The epifaunal structure was mostly represented by harpacticoid copepods, amphipods (especially gammarids) and gastropods. Epifauna exhibited low plant-host specificity and a higher dominance of amphipods on the more structurally complex macroalgae G. baccata. The epifaunal assemblages and syngnathid specimens were assessed for trophic structure using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N). The three syngnathids (Hippocampus guttulatus, Syngnathus acus, and Entelurus aequoreus) inhabiting Cíes Archipelago were sympatric. They occupied highly similar trophic positions (TPs), but differed in niche size, in such a way that the snake pipefish E. aequoreus would likely feed on smaller prey. The assessment of the feeding regime in the dominant great pipefish S. acus revealed that amphipods mostly contributed to bulk diet, followed by isopods, carideans, and copepods, whereas mysidaceans were not highly consumed. Seasonal changes in both epifaunal structure and syngnathids abundance confirmed that syngnathids are seasonal residents in Cíes Archipelago, migrating to other areas in autumn when the seaweed cover is drastically reduced and the epifaunal structure modified. This study showed the importance of Gongolaria assemblages in Cíes Archipelago, providing rich dietary sources and potentially contributing to higher abundances and diversity of syngnathids. Ongoing cover reduction in Gongolaria assemblages in certain regions (e.g., Mediterranean) should be considered a potential ecological concern for syngnathids and accompanying fauna, requiring further investigations.This study was financially supported by the Spanish Government with project Hippoparques (Ref. 1541S/2015, Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales de España, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y Reto Demográfico, MITECO, Spain

Für ein Ende des NATO-Krieges und eine politisch-diplomatische Regelung in Afghanistan

Four visual censuses targeting Octopus vulgaris living in dens on sandy bottoms were carried out from June to October 2013 in the National Park of the Atlantic Galician Islands (NW Spain). Censuses were undertaken by scuba diving between 5 and 21 m depth in daytime. The total area swept was 13.75 ha. There were no significant differences between octopus presence in dens during open and closed fishing seasons. Depth had a significant negative relationship with occupancy. The average number of dens per 1000 m2 was 3.84±0.84 in June and 3.89 in October. The area per den was 260 m2. Den number estimations varied between 1586 and 2057. The largest number of dens (76.5%) was found between 5 and 10 m depth. Den distribution was clumped. No significant differences were found between octopus size classes (small, medium and large) and den diameter. Associate dens were observed. There were no significant differences in den diameter and shell types found around the middens. Many dens could be “permanent”. Drilling bivalve shell behaviour is discussed. The surveyed area had around 1100 individuals, mainly small specimens. No significant differences were found between octopus size and depth. Substrate, den type and food abundance and availability (especially razors Ensis arcuatus) seem to be the main factors influencing dens and octopus density and distribution. Den availability does not appear to be a limiting factor in this case. Temperature, den availability, predators and fishing pressure influencing density and distribution are discussed. Rodas inlet may be a preferential habitat for O. vulgaris individuals ranging from 200 to 2000 g, but especially small specimens ( ≤ 1000 g)

Herbicidal Activity of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. Essential Oil

[EN] The bioherbicidal potential ofThymbra capitata(L.) Cav. essential oil (EO) and its main compound carvacrol was investigated. In in vitro assays, the EO blocked the germination and seedling growth ofErigeron canadensisL.,Sonchus oleraceus(L.) L., andChenopodium albumL. at 0.125 mu L/mL, ofSetaria verticillata(L.) P.Beauv.,Avena fatuaL., andSolanum nigrumL. at 0.5 mu L/mL, ofAmaranthus retroflexusL. at 1 mu L/mL and ofPortulaca oleraceaL., andEchinochloa crus-galli(L.) P.Beauv. at 2 mu L/mL. Under greenhouse conditions,T. capitataEO was tested towards the emergent weeds from a soil seedbank in pre and post emergence, showing strong herbicidal potential in both assays at 4 mu L/mL. In addition,T. capitataEO, applied by spraying, was tested againstP. oleracea,A. fatuaandE. crus-galli. The species showed different sensibility to the EO, beingE. crus-gallithe most resistant. Experiments were performed againstA. fatuatestingT. capitataEO and carvacrol applied by spraying or by irrigation. It was verified that the EO was more active at the same doses in monocotyledons applied by irrigation and in dicotyledons applied by spraying. Carvacrol effects onArabidopsisroot morphology were also studied.This research was supported by the Universitat Politècnica de València [project number: SP20120543], by Generalitat Valenciana [project number GV/2014/039], and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [project number: RTI2018¿094716¿B¿I00]. Thanks to Jovano Erris Nugroho and Muhamad Iqbal who collaborate to carry out in vivo experiment 4 during their internship in the Plant Health in Sustainable Cropping Systems Erasmus+ Programme. This research work has been developed as a result of a mobility stay funded by the Erasmus+-KA1 Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees Programme of the European Commission under the PLANT HEALTH Project. 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