A review of hyperandrogenism state in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most prevalent endocrinopathy in premenopausal women. The pathophysiology of PCOS is not clear, however disturbance in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and abnormal steroidogenesis along with genetic and environmental factors act as main contributors to this disorder. The steroidogenic pathway is affected by the overexpression of the CYP11A, CYP17, and CYP19 genes in PCOS, which results in a hyperandrogenic condition. The initial effect of too much androgen in PCOS is impaired folliculogenesis. The most frequent clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS include hirsutism, acne, and androgenic alopecia. Women with PCOS may have an excess of androgen during foetal life due to the elevated expression of P450c17a during the whole pregnancy. PCOS is believed to be formed in utero by the influence of androgen excess on gene expression in adolescence and adulthood, which offers more solid evidence that real PCOS can be induced by prenatal androgenization. A prenatal androgen excess-induced epigenetic phenomena is suggested by the current theory of PCOS's developmental genesis. It is currently believed that the many tiny follicles seen in polycystic ovaries and the considerable irregularity in the very early stages of folliculogenesis are associated to the formation of anovulation in PCOS

Design and development of pressure sensor based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) for ocean applications

A Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based sensors has been designed, fabricated and is being prototyped to measure the ocean water column pressure. To measure the pressure variation, a compact design is made by using stainless steel disks and rubber “O” rings in a closed air cavity setup. The pressure in static freshwater column ranging from 0 to 0.04 MPa was gauged, using closed air cavity setup. Also, another “T” shaped design, for testing, has been made of solid stainless-steel tube with the open-air cavity for an extended range of pressure sensing. By using an oil pressure pump and open-air cavity setup, pressure values from 0 to 0.5 MPa have been measured. In both setups same thickness of copper, stainless steel diaphragms are used to measure the pressure. Range of measurements has been carried out to test both the setups. Results indicate that the pressure sensitivity in closed air cavity setup is 24.95 nm/MPa with linearity 99.72%. In the open-air cavity, setup is 16.22 nm/MPa with linearity 99.34% is achieved. Simulation and experimental studies are performed to validate the efficacy of the designed FBG pressure sensor