Standardization of in vitro digestibility and DIAAS method based on the static INFOGEST protocol

Background: The FAO recommends the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) as the measure for protein quality, for which the true ileal digestibility needs to be assessed in humans or pigs. However, due to high costs and ethical concerns, the FAO strongly encourages as well the development of validated in vitro methods, which complement the in vivo experiments. Method: Recently, an in vitro workflow, based on the validated static INFOGEST protocol, was developed and compared towards in vivo data. In parallel to the validation with in vivo data, the repeatability and reproducibility of the in vitro protocol were tested in an international ring trial (RT) with the aim to establish an international ISO standard method within the International Dairy Federation (IDF). Five different dairy products (skim milk powder, whole milk powder, whey protein isolate, yoghurt, and cheese) were analyzed in 32 different laboratories from 18 different countries, across 4 continents. Results: in vitro protein digestibilities based on Nitrogen, free R-NH2, and total amino acids as well as DIAAS values were calculated and compared to in vivo data, where available. Conclusion: The in vitro method is suited for quantification of digestibility and will be further implemented to other food matricesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

La hora de los desconectados. Evaluación del diseño de la política de acceso social a internet en Cuba en un contexto de cambios

En el artículo se sistematizan los rasgos principales en el diseño de una política de "acceso social" a Internet en Cuba, cuyas particularidades están dadas por un escenario de muy baja conectividad a la red que padece el país, con solo el 25 por ciento de penetración. Se evalúa el devenir de esta política, cuyas formulaciones, la mayor parte emanadas de forma unilateral desde el macro sujeto Estado, están siendo sometidas a críticas en el contexto de los cambios del modelo socioeconómico que se desarrollan en Cuba

Síntesis de implicancias políticas (policy brief). La hora de los desconectados. Evaluación del diseño de la política de acceso social a Internet en Cuba en un contexto de cambios

En el artículo se sistematizan los rasgos principales en el diseño de una política de "acceso social" a Internet en Cuba, cuyas particularidades están dadas por un escenario de muy baja conectividad a la red que padece el país, con solo el 25 por ciento de penetración. Se evalúa el devenir de esta política, cuyas formulaciones, la mayor parte emanadas de forma unilateral desde el macro sujeto Estado, están siendo sometidas a críticas en el contexto de los cambios del modelo socioeconómico que se desarrollan en Cuba

Comunicação digital: Competências profissionais e desafios académicos = /nDigital Communication. Professional skills and academic challenges

Edició bilingüe castellà-portuguès i català-anglès.Document realitzat per la Xarxa ICOD, coordinada per Carlos A. Scolari.La rápida expansión de los medios digitales ha tomado/npor sorpresa a las instituciones donde se preparan los/nfuturos Comunicadores. El ritmo acelerado que la/ntecnología ha transmitido a todas las actividades/nsociales ha dejado a las carreras de Comunicación/n–tanto en América Latina como en Europa– hasta cierto/npunto desfasadas respecto a la realidad: nacidas en/nalgunos casos hace dos o tres décadas, los títulos de/ngrado en Comunicación se proyectaron pensando en un/ntipo de profesional y un mercado de trabajo en vías de/nextinción./nEn este contexto la incorporación de los contenidos/ndigitales en las carreras tradicionales de Comunicación/nse ha realizado de manera aleatoria, sin tener/nclaramente definidas las competencias que la sociedad/ndigital exige. Lo digital, en este sentido, entra a menudo/nen las Carreras bajo forma de asignatura al final del/nrecorrido formativo (“Periodismo Digital”,/n“Comunicación Multimedial”, etc.). La realidad nos/ndemuestra que no existen más medios de comunicación/nno-digitales: todos los profesionales de la/ncomunicación trabajan inmersos en un ambiente de/nfuerte contenido tecnológico que permea sus rutinas/nproductivas, más allá del producto final (diario impreso,/nradio, portal informativo, televisión, etc.). De la misma/nmanera, los contenidos digitales deben integrarse en los/nplanes de estudio a lo largo y a lo ancho de su estructura,/nsin quedar relegados en un espacio marginado en los/núltimos años de las carreras./nTeniendo en cuenta este panorama, el proyecto llevado/nadelante por la Red Iberoamericana de Comunicación/nDigital (Red ICOD) ha tenido como objetivo elaborar/npropuestas concretas que aceleraran la adaptación de/nlas carreras de Comunicación a la nueva realidad digital./nEn el caso específico de las universidades donde las/ncarreras de Comunicación han sido creadas/nrecientemente, la participación activa en el proyecto les/nha permitido, por un lado, recuperar la larga experiencia/nacumulada por otros centros de estudio en el sector de/nla comunicación, y por otro, modelar los planes de/nestudio para ir configurándolos desde el inicio a la nueva/nrealidad digital.La ràpida expansió dels mitjans digitals ha agafat per/nsorpresa les institucions on es preparen els futurs/ncomunicadors. El ritme accelerat que la tecnologia ha/ntransmès a totes les activitats socials ha deixat les/ncarreres de Comunicació –tant a l’Amèrica Llatina com/na Europa– fins a cert punt desfasades respecte a la/nrealitat: nascudes en alguns casos fa dues o tres/ndècades, els títols de grau en Comunicació es van/nprojectar pensant en un tipus de professional i en un/nmercat de treball actualment en vies d’extinció./nEn aquest context, la incorporació dels continguts/ndigitals en les carreres tradicionals de Comunicació/ns’ha realitzat de manera aleatòria, sense tenir/nclarament definides les competències que la societat/ndigital exigeix. El fet digital, en aquest aspecte, entra/nsovint en les carreres en forma d’assignatura al final del/nrecorregut formatiu (“Periodisme Digital”, “Comunicació/nMultimèdia”, etc.). La realitat ens demostra que no hi ha/nmitjans de comunicació que no siguin digitals: tots els/nprofessionals de la comunicació treballen immersos en/nun ambient de fort contingut tecnològic que impregna/nles seves rutines productives més enllà del producte/nfinal (diari imprès, ràdio, portal informatiu, televisió,/netc.). De la mateixa manera, els continguts digitals han/nd’integrar-se en els plans d’estudi al llarg de tota la/nseva estructura, sense quedar relegats a un espai/nmarginat en els últims anys de les carreres./nTenint en compte aquest panorama, el projecte que ha/nportat a terme la Xarxa Iberoamericana de/nComunicació Digital (Xarxa ICOD) ha pretès elaborar/npropostes concretes que acceleressin l’adaptació de/nles carreres de Comunicació a la nova realitat digital./nEn el cas específic de les universitats en què les/ncarreres de Comunicació han estat creades/nrecentment, la participació activa en el projecte els ha/npermès, d’una banda, recuperar la llarga experiència/nacumulada per altres centres d’estudi en el sector de la/ncomunicació i, d’una altra, modelar els plans d’estudi/nper anar-los configurant des de l’inici segons la nova/nrealitat digital.The fast expansion of digital media has been a shock for/ninstitutions where future communicators are being/ntrained. The accelerated rythmnrhythm that technology/nhas passed ongiven all social activities has left/ncommunication degrees – both in Europe and Latin/nAmerica – quite out of sync concerning with reality:/nsome of them where bron born towtwo or three decades/nago, and they were prijectesprojects having that had in/nmind a type of professional and a labour market that are/nnow endangered species./nIn this context, the incorporation of digital content has/nbeen randomly incorporated in traditional/ncommunication degrees has been done in a random way,/nwithout really defining the competences that the digital/nsociety demands. Digitalism, in this sense, currently/nenters degrees under the shapein the form of a subject/nat the end of the training path (“Digital Journalism”,/n“Multimedia Communication”, etc.). Reality shows that/nthere is no non– digital media anymore: all/ncommunication professionals work in an environment/nthat has a strong technological content that affects/nhis/her productive routines, regardless of the final/nproduct (newspaper, radio, web, tvTV, etc.). On the same/nlevel, digital content has to be integrated into study/nprogrammes in all ittheirs entire structure, without/nbeing relegated to the last years of the degrees./nHaving Keeping this in mind, the project developed by/nthe Red Iberoamericana de Comunicación Digital (ICOD/nNetwork) has mentaims to elaborate find specific/nanswers that accelerate the adaptation of/ncommunication degrees adapting to the new digital/nreality./nIn the specific case of universities where/ncommunication degrees have been created recently, the/nactive participation in the project has allowed them to/nrecover gain the accumulated experience of other/ninstitutions of the communication sector, and to shape/nstudy programmes according to the new digital reality.Arápida expansão dos meios digitais apanhou de/nsurpresa as instituições onde se preparam os futuros/nComunicadores. O ritmo acelerado transmitido pela/ntecnologia a todas as actividades sociais deixou os/ncursos de comunicação – tanto na Europa como na/nAmérica Latina – até certo ponto desfasados da realidade:/nnascidas nalguns casos há duas ou três décadas,/nas licenciaturas em Comunicação foram pensadas para/num tipo de profissional e de mercado em vias de/nextinção./nNeste contexto, a incorporação de conteúdos digitais/nnos currículos tradicionais de Comunicação decorreu de/nforma aleatória, sem que as competências exigidas pela/nsociedade digital tenham sido claramente definidas. Em/ngrande parte dos casos, o digital aparece nos planos/ncurriculares sob a forma de disciplina de final de curso/n(Jornalismo Digital, Comunicação Multimédia, etc)./nPorém, a realidade demonstra que já não existem meios/nde comunicação não digitais: actualmente, os profissionais/nda comunicação trabalham imersos num/nambiente de forte conteúdo tecnológico que influencia/ntoda a rotina produtiva e não apenas o produto final/n(imprensa, rádio, televisão, etc). Da mesma forma, os/nconteúdos digitais devem ser distribuídos nos planos de/nestudo dos cursos de comunicação, em vez de serem/nrelegados para os últimos anos de licenciatura./nTendo em conta este panorama, o projecto iniciado pela/nRede Ibero-americana de Comunicação Digital (Rede/nICOD), tinha como objectivo elaborar propostas/nconcretas que acelerem a adaptação dos cursos da área/nde Comunicação à nova realidade digital./nNo caso específico das universidades onde os cursos de/nComunicação foram criados recentemente, a participação/nactiva neste projecto permitiu-lhes recuperar a/nlonga experiência acumulada por outros centros de/nestudo no sector da comunicação e, por outro, modelar/ndesde logo os planos de estudo adaptados à nova/nrealidade digital

A multi-center peptidomic investigation of simulated gastrointestinal food digestion

International audienceMass spectrometry has become the technique of choice for the simultaneous assessment of a high variety of molecules in complex food matrices. For this reason, it is best suited for precisely monitoring the evolution of digestive processes in vivo and in vitro. However, due to the variety of equipment available in different laboratories as well as settings, statistical evaluations, and interpretations, it is difficult to predict a priori the ideal parametersfor best results. Methods: The present work addressed that gap by executing an inter-laboratory study with samples collected during in vitro digestion and presenting an overview of the state of the art mass spectrometry applications and analytical capabilities available for studying food digestion.Results: Three representative high-protein foods, skim milk powder, chicken breast and tofu, were digested according to the INFOGEST protocol with sample collection at five time points during gastric and intestinal digestion. Nine laboratories analyzed all digesta with their in house equipment, conventional sample treatment procedure, data evaluation methods, and graphical representation tools. Conclusions: The compiled results demonstrate a strong consensus among labs in terms of major protein degradation for the three foods matrices and present suitable methodical andstatistical approaches for representing the analytical results