Nutrient Density to Climate Impact index is an inappropriate system for ranking beverages in order of climate impact per nutritional value

Citation: Scarborough, P. & Rayner, M. (2010). 'Nutrient Density to Climate Impact index is an appropriate system for ranking beverages in order of climate impact per nutritional value', Food & Nutrition Research 54:5681. [Available at http://www.foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/index]. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

The asymmetric synthesis and reactions of α-functionalised organometallic reagents

This thesis describes the development of new methods for the asymmetric synthesis of α-alkoxy and α-amino organometallic reagents. Two approaches were taken: (i) sulfoxide → magnesium exchange; (ii) asymmetric lithiation-trapping using chiral bases. A review of this area is provided in Chapter One. Chapter Two details the synthesis of α-alkoxy sulfoxides A in 99:1 er by asymmetric lithiation using s-BuLi and chiral diamines and trapping with Andersen’s sulfinate. In addition, an investigation into the lack of stereospecificity at sulfur during the trapping process is presented. Finally, a sulfoxide → magnesium exchange was used to convert the α-alkoxy sulfoxides into α-alkoxy Grignard reagents B and subsequent trapping allows access to a range of products as single enantiomers. The remarkable configurational stability of α-alkoxy Grignard reagents when compared to their organolithium counterparts is of particular note. Attempts to use a similar method to synthesise α-amino sulfoxides in 99:1 er is described in Chapter Three. Furthermore, insights are given into the surprising instability of unsubstituted α-amino sulfoxides. Novel α-amino sulfoxides C were designed to prohibit sulfoxide elimination. From the isolatable α-amino sulfoxides, the synthesis and reactions of α-amino Grignard reagents D in 99:1 er via sulfoxide → magnesium exchange is reported. In Chapter Four, an investigation into the mechanism of the asymmetric lithiation trapping of N-thiopivaloyl azetidine E using s-BuLi and chiral diamines is presented. The configurational stability of the organolithium intermediate F was determined at −78°C and the scope of electrophilic trapping was investigated

Contribution of climate and air pollution to variation in coronary heart disease mortality rates in England

There are substantial geographic variations in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in England that may in part be due to differences in climate and air pollution. An ecological cross-sectional multi-level analysis of male and female CHD mortality rates in all wards in England (1999&ndash;2004) was conducted to estimate the relative strength of the association between CHD mortality rates and three aspects of the physical environment - temperature, hours of sunshine and air quality. Models were adjusted for deprivation, an index measuring the healthiness of the lifestyle of populations, and urbanicity. In the fully adjusted model, air quality was not significantly associated with CHD mortality rates, but temperature and sunshine were both significantly negatively associated (p&lt;0.05), suggesting that CHD mortality rates were higher in areas with lower average temperature and hours of sunshine. After adjustment for the unhealthy lifestyle of populations and deprivation, the climate variables explained at least 15% of large scale variation in CHD mortality rates. The results suggest that the climate has a small but significant independent association with CHD mortality rates in England.<br /

Contribution of climate and air pollution to variation in coronary heart disease mortality rates in England

There are substantial geographic variations in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in England that may in part be due to differences in climate and air pollution. An ecological cross-sectional multi-level analysis of male and female CHD mortality rates in all wards in England (1999&ndash;2004) was conducted to estimate the relative strength of the association between CHD mortality rates and three aspects of the physical environment - temperature, hours of sunshine and air quality. Models were adjusted for deprivation, an index measuring the healthiness of the lifestyle of populations, and urbanicity. In the fully adjusted model, air quality was not significantly associated with CHD mortality rates, but temperature and sunshine were both significantly negatively associated (p&lt;0.05), suggesting that CHD mortality rates were higher in areas with lower average temperature and hours of sunshine. After adjustment for the unhealthy lifestyle of populations and deprivation, the climate variables explained at least 15% of large scale variation in CHD mortality rates. The results suggest that the climate has a small but significant independent association with CHD mortality rates in England.<br /

Contribution of climate and air pollution to variation in coronary heart disease mortality rates in England

There are substantial geographic variations in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in England that may in part be due to differences in climate and air pollution. An ecological cross-sectional multi-level analysis of male and female CHD mortality rates in all wards in England (1999&ndash;2004) was conducted to estimate the relative strength of the association between CHD mortality rates and three aspects of the physical environment - temperature, hours of sunshine and air quality. Models were adjusted for deprivation, an index measuring the healthiness of the lifestyle of populations, and urbanicity. In the fully adjusted model, air quality was not significantly associated with CHD mortality rates, but temperature and sunshine were both significantly negatively associated (p&lt;0.05), suggesting that CHD mortality rates were higher in areas with lower average temperature and hours of sunshine. After adjustment for the unhealthy lifestyle of populations and deprivation, the climate variables explained at least 15% of large scale variation in CHD mortality rates. The results suggest that the climate has a small but significant independent association with CHD mortality rates in England.<br /

On the impact of transport model errors for the estimation of CO2 surface fluxes from GOSAT observations

A series of observing system simulation experiments is presented in which column averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) are made consistent or not with the transport model embedded in a flux inversion system. The GOSAT observations improve the random errors of the surface carbon budget despite the inconsistency. However, we find biases in the inferred surface CO2 budget of a few hundred MtC/a at the subcontinental scale, that are caused by differences of only a few tenths of a ppm between the simulations of the individual XCO2 soundings. The accuracy and precision of the inverted fluxes are little sensitive to an 8-fold reduction in the data density. This issue is critical for any future satellite constellation to monitor XCO2 and should be pragmatically addressed by explicitly accounting for transport errors in flux inversion systems

The burden of physical activity-related ill health in the UK

Background: Despite evidence that physical inactivity is a risk factor for a number of diseases, only a third of men and a quarter of women are meeting government targets for physical activity. This paper provides an estimate of the economic and health burden of disease related to physical inactivity in the UK. These estimates are examined in relation to current UK government policy on physical activity.Methods: Information from the World Health Organisation global burden of disease project was used to calculate the mortality and morbidity costs of physical inactivity in the UK. Diseases attributable to physical inactivity included ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, breast cancer, colon/rectum cancer and diabetes mellitus. Population attributable fractions for physical inactivity for each disease were applied to the UK Health Service cost data to estimate the financial cost.Results: Physical inactivity was directly responsible for 3% of disability adjusted life years lost in the UK in 2002. The estimated direct cost to the National Health Service is &pound;1.06 billion.Conclusion: There is a considerable public health burden due to physical inactivity in the UK. Accurately establishing the financial cost of physical inactivity and other risk factors should be the first step in a developing national public health strategy.<br /