Comment on "An analytical solution of groundwater response to tidal fluctuation in a leaky confined aquifer" by Jiu Jimmy Jiao and Zhonghua Tang

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Equivalence of the realized input and output oriented indirect effects metrics in ecological network analysis

A new understanding of the consequences of how ecosystem elements are interconnected is emerging from the development and application of Ecological Network Analysis. The relative importance of indirect effects is central to this understanding, and the ratio of indirect flow to direct flow (I/D) is one indicator of their importance. Two methods have been proposed for calculating this indicator. The unit approach shows what would happen if each system member had a unit input or output, while the realized technique determines the ratio using the observed system inputs or outputs. When using the unit method, the input oriented and output oriented ratios can be different, potentially leading to conflicting results. However, we show that the input and output oriented I/D ratios are identical using the realized method when the system is at steady state. This work is a step in the maturation of Ecological Network Analysis that will let it be more readily testable empirically and ultimately more useful for environmental assessment and management.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, 1 tabl

A modal ambiguity in for-infinitival relative clauses

This squib presents two puzzles related to an ambiguity found in for-infinitival relative clauses (FIRs). FIRs invariably receive a modal interpretation even in the absence of any overt modal verb. The modal interpretation seems to come in two distinct types, which can be paraphrased by finite relative clauses employing the modal auxiliaries should and could. The two puzzles presented here arise because the availability of the two readings is constrained by factors that are not otherwise known to affect the interpretation of a relative clause. Specifically, we show, first, that “strong” determiners require the FIR to be interpreted as a SHOULD-relative while “weak” determiners allow both interpretations (the Determiner-Modal Generalization). Secondly, we observe that the COULD-interpretation requires a raising (internally headed) structure for the FIR, while the SHOULD-interpretation is compatible with either a raising or a more standard matching (externally headed) structure (the Raising/Matching Generalization)

Chapter 6 Site investigation

In this chapter we discuss the various phases in site investigation. Phase I investigations are preliminary in nature and are designed to furnish a comprehensive overview of available site information. Phase II investigations consist of site characterization and groundwater monitoring of well installation. Direct methods such as boreholes, piezometers, and geotechnical analysis of soil samples are discussed. While, for indirect methods, we discuss aerial photography, ground penetrating radar, and earth conductivity and resistivity geophysical studies. Furthermore, we discuss issues related to hydrogeochemical investigations. Then, we conclude this chapter with two case studies. The first is related to geoenvironmental investigation at a waste dump site in the United Arab Emirates, while the second is related to the assessment of land salinization in arid lands

Memorial to Wick R. Miller

Wick R. Miller, widely respected anthropological linguist, pioneer in acquisition studies, and benefactor to our discipline, was gravely injured in a bicycle accident in Hermosillo, Sonora, on Saturday, May 7, 1994. He was flown to a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona, where he died on May 9 at the age of 62. Friends and family gathered to honor his memory in Salt Lake City on Sunday, May 15, 1994

A Study of Grief From Farm Loss

A survey of 16 rural families who had suffered the loss of their family farms in the Brandon, Manitoba, area was done to detect the presence of grief from farm loss. More intensive interviews of six of these families also were conducted. The presence of grief in these unfortunate families was found. The characteristics of farm loss included: leaving the farm, losing the home, losing the property of others, leaving the community, and emotional affects. The strongest emotional affects reported were: sadness, pining, tension, anger, loneliness, anxiety, and shock. In addition, subjects reported having increased difficulty in social relationships and in organizing their lives. The implications of these findings are discussed and counselling suggestions are made. Counsellors who would help farm loss families to relocate and to launch new Iifecareers must be prepared to help them to work through their grief process.Une enquête, auprès de 16 familles ayant perdu leur ferme familiale dans la région de Brandon, au Manitoba, a été conduite pour détecter la présence possible de deuil suite à la perte de leur terre. Des entrevues plus intensives ont été faites auprès de six familles. La phénomène de deuil était vécu dans ces familles. Les caractéristiques de la perte de la ferme familiale étaient: laisser la ferme, perdre la maison, perte de la propriété d'autrui, laisser la communauté, et les effets émotionnels. Les effets émotionnels les plus forts étaient: tristesse, ennui, tension, rage, solitude, anxiété, et choc. De plus, les sujets ont rapporté avoir plus de difficulté dans leurs relations sociales et dans l'organisation de leur vie. Les implications de ces résultats sont discutées et des suggestions sur le plan du counseling sont apportées. Les conseillers qui voudraient aider ces familles à se relocalier et à formuler de nouvelles carrières doivent être prêt à travailler à travers le processus de deuil