Protective effect of carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) against DNA damage in patients with advanced prostate cancer

Carboxymethyl-glucan (CM-G) is a soluble derivative from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan. The protective efficiency of CM-G against DNA damage in cells from patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa), and undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), was evaluated. DNA damage scores were obtained by the comet assay, both before and after treatment with CM-G. The reduction in DNA damage, ranging from 18% to 87%, with an average of 59%, was not related to the increased number of leukocytes in peripheral blood. The results demonstrate for the first time the protective effect of CM-G against DNA damage in patients with advanced PCa. Among smokers, three presented the highest reduction in DNA damage after treatment with CM-G. There was no observable relationship between DNA damage scores before and after treatment, and age, alcoholism and radiotherapy

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Multiple Scenario Generation of Subsurface Models:Consistent Integration of Information from Geophysical and Geological Data throuh Combination of Probabilistic Inverse Problem Theory and Geostatistics

Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming \u3c4 neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in 3c 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an E\u3bd-2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 7 1017 eV -2.5 7 1019 eV is E2 dN\u3bd/dE\u3bd &lt; 4.4 7 10-9 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1, placing strong constraints on several models of neutrino production at EeV energies and on the properties of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays

Saccharification of hemicellulose from sugar cane bagasse and its fermentation by pachysolen tannophilus

Orientador : Yong Kun ParkTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e AgricolaResumo: A informação apresentada neste trabalho mostra os resultados da pesquisa na produção de glicose e xilose do bagaço de cana de açúcar e sua subsequente fermentação a -etanol peIa levedura PaehysoZen tannophiZus NRRL y-2460. O bagaço de cana de açúcar foi submetido a processos de pré-tratamentos com alcali e de explosão -autohidrólise antes da sua sacarificação enzimática e ácida com celulases do Triehoderma reesei QM 94Z4 e com solução 5% de H2S04, respectivamente. Quando o bagaço de cana de açúcar foi tratada a 2000C durante 4,0 minutos com uma relação água: bagaço de 8:1, o rendimento de extração da hemicelulose pelo pré-tratamento, com alcali, forneceu uma fração fermentecível a etanol. Após a neutralização da solução até pH 5,0, a hemicelulose foi recuperada do filtrado obtido no pré-tratamento com alcali por uma precipitação com álcool etilico (95%), seguido de um processo de deslignificação com etanol à 700C por 4 horas. Ambas frações de hemicelulose, do processo de explosão - autohidrólise (fração IV) e do pré-tratamento com alcali (fração 11) foram submetidos a uma hidrólise ácida e enzimática. A sacarificação foi inibida por substâncias de baixo peso molecular não voláteis, introduzidas pelo processo de explosão-autohidrólise do bagaço de cana de açúcar. Estas substâncias inibidoras foram eliminadas por um processo de diálise. A eficiência da sacarificação foi de 36-94%, depedendo da concentração de sólidos presentes no líquido de autohidrólise. O maior grau de sacarificação correspondeu a fração de hemicelulose obtida pelo pré-tratamento alcalino (fração II) seguida da fração de hemicelulose dialisada, obtida pelo processo de explosão-autohidrólise (fração IV). A levedura pachysoLen tannophiLus NRRL y-2460 foi capaz de transformar a D-xilose, D-glicose e ambos hidrolisados do bagaço de cana de açúcar obtidos de acordo ao indicado acima, a etanol, sob as condições de fermentação de 32oC, 200 rpm., e pH 2,5-3,0. Meios de cultura contendo urna concentração inicial de 24,5 9 de D-xilose/L, rendeu 0,158 9 de etanol/g de D-xilose consumida. Durante a fermentação alcoólica da D-glicose à concentração inicial de 21,5 9 de D-glicose/L, a produção de etanol foi 0,384 g/g de D-glicose consurnida. A fermentação aIcoólica dos hidrolisados enzirnáticosdas frações IV e II do bagaço de cana de açúcar, produziram 0,098 e 0,10 9 de etanol/ 9 de açúcar redutor consumidos resp~ctivamente. Os hidrolisados ácidos destas frações produziram muito pouco ou nada de etanol. Os baixos rendimentosde etanol foram o resultado das condições sub-ótimas de fermentação, principalmente à condição de aeração que favoreceu a formação de biomassaAbstract: The information presented in this work covers research findings on the pJ:ioduétii'on 'of glucose an xylose from sugar cane bagasse and the subsequentdirect fermentation of those sugars to obtain ethanol by the yeast PaahysoZentannophiZus NRRL y-2460. Sugar cane bagasse was subjected to heat explosion and alkali pre-treatments prior to enzymatic and acid saccharification with T~iahode~ma ~ee8ei QM 94Z4 cellulases and 5% H2S04 solution, respectively. When the sugar cane bagasse was. treated at 2009C for 4 minutes at a water-to-solids ratio of 8:1, the yield of hemicellulose extration was maximum. A sodium hydroxide extration yielded a hemicellulose fraction available for fermentation to ethanol. After the neutralization of the solution to pH 5.0, the hemicelulose was recovered from the liquid filtrates of the alkali pre-treatment, by ethylalcohol (95%) precipitation followed by deslignification with ethanol at 709C for 4 hours. Both hemicellulose fractions from the heat explosion (fraction IV) and alkali pre-treatments (fraction 11), were subjected to enzymatic and acid hydrolyses. The saccharification was inhibited by low molecular weight-non volatile substances, introduced by the heat explosion process of the sugar cane bagasse. Those inhibitory substances were eliminated by a dialyzed processo The saccharification efficie~cy was between 36 and 94%, depending of the solids concentration presen't in the auto-hydrolyzed liquido The highest degree of saccharification corresponded to the hemicellulose fraction obtained by the alkali pre-treatment (fraction lI), fo11owed by the dia1yzed hemice11u1ose rãction obtained from the heat exp1osion process (fraction IV) . The yeast PaahysoZen tannophiZus NRRL y-2460 was found to be capab1e of converting D-xilose, D-g1ucose and both enzymatic hydro1ysates from sugar cane bagasse, obtained by theOabove mentioned pre-treatments, to ethanol under the fermentation conditions of 32QC, 200 rpm and pH 2.5-3.0 Batch cu1ture initia11y containing 24.5 go of D-xylose/t, yie1ded 0.158 9 of ethanol/g of D-xylose consumed. During D-glucose fermentation at an initia1 concentration of. 21.5 9 of D-glucose/L the productti.on of ethanol of the enzymatic hydrolysates of the hemicel1ulose fraction of the sugar cane bagasse, gave 0.098 and 0.10 9 ethanol/g of reducing . sugars consumed for fractions IV and 11, respectively. Both acid hydrolysates of these fractions gave negligible quantities of ethanol. The low yield of ethanol obtained were the.result of the sub-optimal fermentation conditions, particularly the aeration condition through out the process which promote mainly biomass productionDoutoradoDoutor em Ciência de Alimento

<b>Obtenção e caracterização de manoproteínas da parede celular de leveduras de descarte em cervejaria</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i1.7124 <b>Obtainment and characterization of mannoproteins from brewer’s yeast cell wall</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i1.7124

A biomass de levedura resultante da produção de cerveja é mátéria-prima para extração de componentes celulares, incluíndo manoproteínas. O presente trabalho avaliou a possibilidade da utilização da levedura Saccharomyces sp. descartada em cervejaria, para obtenção de extrato com manoproteínas. A extração foi conduzida segundo delineamento fatorial incompleto, Box-Behnken 33, para as variáveis temperaturas (75, 85 e 95ºC), tempo de extração (5, 7 e 9h) e concentração da suspensão de parede celular (10, 15 e 20%). O etanol residual da fermentação não interfere na obtenção do extrato contendo manoproteínas. O maior índice de extração foi 4,08%, observado para temperatura de 95ºC na concentração de 10% por 7h e 15% por 9h. A validação experimental do maior índice predito resultou em 4,50% de extrato, confirmando a capacidade preditiva do modelo. A manoproteína obtida, a partir de 10% de parede celular (95ºC, 9h), apresentou 51,39% de proteínas, com 58 e 64 kDa, e 25,89% de carboidratos, distribuídos entre manose e glicose. A atividade emulsificante foi de 62,50 ± 0,88% e a estabilidade da emulsão foi de 96,00 ± 1,40%. Estes resultados evidenciam o potencial bioemulsificante do extrato e a viabilidade de utilização da levedura descartada em cervejarias para obtenção de compostos com propriedades industriais interessantesThe biomass of yeast after beer production is a raw-material for cell components extraction, including mannoproteins. The present study evaluated the using viability of spent brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces sp. for obtainment of extract containing mannoprotein. The extraction was conducted by Box-Behnken 33 incomplete design, for the variables temperature (75, 85 and 95ºC), time of extraction (5, 7 and 9h) and concentration of cell wall in suspension (10, 15 and 20%). The residual ethanol of fermentation doesn’t have interference in the obtaining of extract containing mannoproteins. The highest rate of extraction was 4.08%, obtained at 95ºC, with 10% cell wall by 7h and with 15% of cell wall during 9h. The experimental validation for obtaining of the maximum predicted resulted in 4.50% of extract, confirming the model predictable capacity. The extract containing mannoprotein obtained from 10% of cell wall (95ºC, 9h) had 51.39% of proteins, with 58 and 64 kDa, and 25.89% of carbohydrates, distributed in mannose and glucose. The emulsification activity was 62.50 ± 0.88% and the emulsion stability was 96.00 ± 1.4%. These results evidence the bioemulsifier potential of the extract and the viability of using spent yeast from brewery for obtainment of compounds with industrial interesting properties