Alterações cognitivas na infecção pelo HIV: uma revisão sistemática: Cognitive changes in HIV infection: a systematic review

Provocada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, numa pessoa tem o seu sistema imunológico prejudicado, tornando-se suscetível a outras doenças e infecção. Tem-se a estimativa de que 50% dos infectados com o referido vírus podem sofrer alterações cognitivas. Diante disso, este estudo tem como objetivo refletir sobre mudanças estruturais cerebrais e comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes com HIV. Portanto, trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, desenvolvida a partir da seleção de estudos nas bases de dados Scielo, Pubmed e BVS/Medline a partir do uso de descritores DeCS/MeSH e aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Após a análise e interpretação dos dados, concluiu-se que há uma significativa prevalência de HAND em adultos infectados por HIV, no que se refere a alterações cognitivas, especialmente entre pacientes do sexo feminino, de baixa escolaridade e renda, com diagnóstico tardio e baixa quantidade de linfócitos CD4 no início do tratamento. Entre essas pessoas, revelam-se comprometimentos quanto à memória, atenção, controle de impulsos, velocidade de processamento e motora, dentre outros

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Determinação e interpolação dos coeficientes das equações de chuvas intensas para cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a relação entre intensidade, duração e frequência das precipitações na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e avaliar os métodos de interpolação dos coeficientes das equações de chuvas intensas, para determinação das equações em qualquer localidade do município. Os dados de chuvas foram obtidos por meio da rede de estações pluviométricas automáticas do Sistema Alerta Rio da Fundação Instituto de Geotécnica do município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas as precipitações intensas com base em séries históricas de observações obtidas a cada 15 minutos, no período de 1997 a 2014. Determinaram-se as maiores precipitações anuais para as durações de 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 720, e 1440 minutos. Os dados foram ajustados pelo método de distribuição de Gumbel e a aderência dos dados à distribuição foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov a 5% de significância. A espacialização dos coeficientes foi avaliada pelos métodos de interpolação do inverso da quinta potência da distância e Krigagem ordinária. As precipitações intensas apresentaram grande variabilidade espacial. Observou-se boa relação entre os valores de precipitação intensa calculados com o uso da equação ajustada com os valores oriundos das equações determinadas em outros trabalhos sobre chuvas intensas para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os valores do coeficiente de determinação R² e erro padrão de estimativa permitiram concluir que as equações propostas podem ser utilizadas em projetos de obras hidráulicas. O método de interpolação inverso da quinta potência da distância apresentou melhor desempenho para a espacialização dos coeficientes das equações de chuvas intensas, e menores valores de erro médio percentual em 25 das 32 estações analisadas

Determination and interpolation of intense rainfall equation coefficients for the city of Rio de Janeiro

<p></p><p>Abstract This study aimed to establish the relationship between the intensity, duration and frequency of precipitation in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and to evaluate the methods of interpolation of coefficients of intense rainfall equations to determine the equations in any locality of the municipality. Rainfall data were obtained through the automatic rain gauge network of the Rio Alerta System of the Geotechnical Institute Foundation of Rio de Janeiro. Intense precipitation was analyzed based on historical series of observations obtained every 15 minutes from 1997 to 2014. The highest annual precipitations were determined for durations of 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 720, and 1440 minutes. The data were fitted by the Gumbel distribution method and adherence of the data to the distribution was evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at 5% significance. The spatialization of the coefficients was evaluated by the methods of inverse fifth-distance weighting and ordinary Kriging. The intense precipitations presented great spatial variability. A good relationship was observed between the values of intense precipitation calculated with the use of the equation fitted with those derived from the equations determined in other studies about heavy rainfall for the city of Rio de Janeiro. The values of the coefficient of determination R² and standard error of estimation showed that the proposed equations can be used in hydraulic works projects. The method of inverse fifth-distance weighting presented better performance for the spatialization of the coefficients of the intense rainfall equations and lower mean error values in 25 of the 32 analyzed stations.</p><p></p

Seedlings production of two tomato (Solanum licopersicum L.) cultivars under different environments and substrates

The type of environment and substrates quality in seedlings production are essential for the production of productive plants under field conditions. In order to determine the best environment and substrate for seedlings production of two tomato cultivars (IPA 06 and Santamélia), two experiments, completely randomized and arranged in subdivided plots with five replicates, were conducted under the environmental conditions of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. Treatments consisted of the association among five environments (A1 - greenhouse, A2 - Chromatinet ® 35% red, A3 - Chromatinet ® 50% red, A4 - Chromatinet ® 35% Silver and A5 - Chromatinet ® 50% Silver) and four substrates S1 - OrganAmazon®; S2 - OrganAmazon® + PureHumus®; S3 - OrganAmazon® + PureHumus® + soil + bovine manure, and S4- OrganAmazon® + PureHumus® + soil + manure + carbonized rice husk (CRH) on the following variables: number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, dry shoot and root biomass, plant height/stem diameter ratio accordingly to colon and Dickson quality index of seedlings. Substrates made with the addition of PureHumus®, without presenting CRH (S2 and S3), which favored the increasing of all analyzed variables. In addition, greenhouse, especially when is associated to S2 substrate, had achieved the best environment for seedlings production of the two evaluated tomato cultivars. Photoconverter shading nets were not efficient in tomato seedlings production under climatic conditions of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil.Objetivando determinar o melhor ambiente e substrato na produção de mudas de duas cultivares de tomate (IPA 06 e Santamélia), dois experimentos delineados inteiramente ao acaso e arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições, foram desenvolvidos sob as condições de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram da associação entre cinco ambientes (A1 – estufa agrícola; A2 – Chromatinet® 35% vermelha; A3 – Chromatinet® 50% vermelha; A4 – Chromatinet® 35% Silver e A5 – Chromatinet® 50% Silver) e quatro substratos (S1 – OrganoAmazon®; S2 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus®; S3 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + solo + esterco bovino, e S4 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + solo + esterco + casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC)) sobre as variáveis de crescimento e de qualidade das mudas. Substratos confeccionados com a adição de PuroHumus®, sem apresentar CAC (S2 e S3), favoreceram o incremento de todas as variáveis analisadas. Além disso, a estufa agrícola, principalmente quando associada ao substrato S2, foi o melhor ambiente para a produção de mudas das duas cultivares de tomate. Os telados com telas fotoconversoras não foram eficientes na produção de mudas de tomate sob as condições climáticas de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil.El tipo de ambiente y la calidad de los sustratos en la producción de plántulas son esenciales para la producción de plantas productivas bajo condiciones de campo. Con el objetivo de determinar el mejor ambiente y sustrato para la producción de plántulas de dos cultivares de tomate (IPA 06 y Santamélia), dos experimentos, completamente aleatorios y dispuestos en parcelas subdivididas con cinco repeticiones, se llevaron a cabo bajo las condiciones ambientales de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil . Los tratamientos consistieron en la asociación entre cinco ambientes (A1 - invernadero, A2 - Chromatinet ® 35% rojo, A3 - Chromatinet ® 50% rojo, A4 - Chromatinet ® 35% plata y A5 - Chromatinet ® 50% plata) y cuatro sustratos S1 - OrganAmazon®; S2 - OrganAmazon® + PureHumus®; S3 - OrganAmazon® + PureHumus® + estiércol del suelo + bovino, y S4- OrganAmazon® + PureHumus® + suelo + estiércol + cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CRH) en las siguientes variables: número de hojas, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, brote seco y la biomasa de la raíz, la relación entre la altura de la planta y el diámetro del tallo de acuerdo con el índice de calidad de las plántulas de colon y Dickson. Los sustratos se hicieron con la adición de PureHumus®, sin presentar CRH (S2 y S3), lo que favoreció el aumento de todas las variables analizadas. Además, el invernadero, especialmente cuando está asociado al sustrato S2, había logrado el mejor ambiente para la producción de plántulas de los dos cultivares de tomate evaluados. Las redes de sombreado fotoconvertidor no fueron eficientes en la producción de plántulas de tomate en condiciones climáticas de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil

Seedlings production of two tomato (Solanum licopersicum L.) cultivars under different environments and substrates

The type of environment and substrates quality in seedlings production are essential for the production of productive plants under field conditions. In order to determine the best environment and substrate for seedlings production of two tomato cultivars (IPA 06 and Santamélia), two experiments, completely randomized and arranged in subdivided plots with five replicates, were conducted under the environmental conditions of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. Treatments consisted of the association among five environments (A1 - greenhouse, A2 - Chromatinet ® 35% red, A3 - Chromatinet ® 50% red, A4 - Chromatinet ® 35% Silver and A5 - Chromatinet ® 50% Silver) and four substrates S1 - OrganAmazon®; S2 - OrganAmazon® + PureHumus®; S3 - OrganAmazon® + PureHumus® + soil + bovine manure, and S4- OrganAmazon® + PureHumus® + soil + manure + carbonized rice husk (CRH) on the following variables: number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, dry shoot and root biomass, plant height/stem diameter ratio accordingly to colon & Dickson quality index of seedlings. Substrates made with the addition of PureHumus®, without presenting CRH (S2 and S3), which favored the increasing of all analyzed variables. In addition, greenhouse, especially when is associated to S2 substrate, had achieved the best environment for seedlings production of the two evaluated tomato cultivars. Photoconverter shading nets were not efficient in tomato seedlings production under climatic conditions of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p&lt;0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p&lt;0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora