MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS ISOLATES

Objective: Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is highly prevalent in domestic ruminants. In India, the exact prevalence of MAP genotypes still remains unknown limited, and the systematic disease control programs are also limited. This study was undertaken to study the molecular characterization of MAP isolates.Methods: About 22 MAP isolates were from cattle, sheep, and goat under gone the molecular characterization by three different methods (1) IS1311 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction enzyme analysis (REA), (2) GyrA and GyrB PCR with sequencing, and (3) digital microfluidic chip (DMC)-PCR. The study demonstrated that a) IS1311 PCR with REA (based on point mutations) identified all 22 MAP isolates as intermediate type†irrespective of a host of origin and also belong to Indian Bison type. Molecular typing based on the gyrA and gyrB genes partial amplification and sequencing revealed that the MAP isolates exhibited more lineages toward the reference Type III, Intermediate strain.Results: The MAP isolate of sheep origin showed more lineages toward the sheep type than the isolates of cattle and goats. This variation may be due to host-pathogen interactions and adaptation to different hosts and environmental conditions in the nature.Conclusions: The DMC-PCR, which is based on sequence difference at 5` end of IS900 of MAP, differentiated rapidly all the isolates as sheep type. The application of DMC-PCR to differentiate sheep and Intermediate types is limited as the Intermediate type (Type III) and sheep type (Type I) are very closely related to each other and all the MAP isolates were confirmed as Intermediate or Type III by three different methods which are commonly present in India, Spain, and Iceland. Â

Fenomena Aktivitas Fisik dan Olahraga dalam Perspektif Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit kronik dan membutuhkan tindakan khusus bagi pasien. Terapi untuk diabetes melitus tipe 2 dibedakan menjadi terapi farmakologi dan terapi non farmakologi. Contoh dari terapi non farmakologi untuk diabetes melitus tipe 2 adalah aktivitas fisik dan olahraga yang sesuai. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengungkap berbagai aktivitas fisik dan olahraga yang dilakukan pasien untuk dapat membantu tenaga kesehatan dalam menyusun strategi edukasi yang sesuai. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode fenomenologi. Sebanyak 30 subjek terlibat dalam penelitian ini Pemilihan pasien dilakukan menggunakan metode sampling bola salju. Pengambilan data dari pasien dilakukan dengan metode wawancara mendalam (in-depth interviews). Wawancara mendalam dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik probing untuk memvalidasi setiap pernyataan yang dikeluarkan oleh pasien.. Data diolah dengan metode transkrip dan dianalisis secara tematik untuk kemudian diinterpretasikan dalam bentuk pernyataan hasil wawancara. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar pasien rutin melakukan aktivitas fisik dan olahraga. Beberapa pasien tidak dapat melakukan olahraga secara rutin akibat terhalang oleh waktu. Maka dari itu, diperlukan kolaborasi antara tenaga kesehatan untuk memberikan edukasi terkait aktivitas fisik dan olahraga yang sesuai bagi pasien Diabetes Melitus tipe 2.Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit kronik dan membutuhkan tindakan khusus bagi pasien. Terapi untuk diabetes melitus tipe 2 dibedakan menjadi terapi farmakologi dan terapi non farmakologi. Contoh dari terapi non farmakologi untuk diabetes melitus tipe 2 adalah aktivitas fisik dan olahraga yang sesuai. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengungkap berbagai aktivitas fisik dan olahraga yang dilakukan pasien untuk dapat membantu tenaga kesehatan dalam menyusun strategi edukasi yang sesuai. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode fenomenologi. Sebanyak 30 subjek terlibat dalam penelitian ini Pemilihan pasien dilakukan menggunakan metode sampling bola salju. Pengambilan data dari pasien dilakukan dengan metode wawancara mendalam (in-depth interviews). Wawancara mendalam dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik probing untuk memvalidasi setiap pernyataan yang dikeluarkan oleh pasien.. Data diolah dengan metode transkrip dan dianalisis secara tematik untuk kemudian diinterpretasikan dalam bentuk pernyataan hasil wawancara. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar pasien rutin melakukan aktivitas fisik dan olahraga. Beberapa pasien tidak dapat melakukan olah raga secara rutin akibat terhalang oleh waktu. Maka dari itu, diperlukan kolaborasi antara tenaga kesehatan untuk memberikan edukasi terkait aktivitas fisik dan olahraga yang sesuai bagi pasien Diabetes Melitus tipe 2. Kata kunci: Aktvitas fisik, diabetes melitus tipe 2, olahrag

Fenomena Pengaruh Terapi Farmakologi Terhadap Kepatuhan Berobat dalam Perspektif Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit yang kompleks dan membutuhkan manajemen terapi yang serius. Kepatuhan menjadi masalah utama dalam pengobatan diabetes melitus tipe 2 tersebut dan dapat berdampak pada komplikasi yang akan sulit ditangani. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengungkap berbagai permasalahan yang mendorong seorang pasien memilih untuk tidak patuh sehingga dapat membantu tenaga kesehatan dalam mencari akar masalah ketidakpatuhan pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2. Sebanyak 30 penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 terbagi atas beberapa golongan kriteria, yaitu komplikasi, usia, dan tingkat kepatuhan. Pemilihan pasien dilakukan menggunakan metode sampling bola salju. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara mendalam pada pasien yang dilakukan dengan teknik probing melalui telepon dan observasi langsung sebagai bentuk validasi. Data diolah dengan metode transkrip dan dianalisis secara tematik untuk kemudian diinterpretasikan dalam bentuk pernyataan hasil wawancara. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar pasien menggunakan metformin. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak pasien merasa sesuai dengan metformin. Metformin dapat memberikan efek normalisasi gula darah yang diharapkan dengan efek samping ke sistem gastrointestinal yang masih dapat ditolerir. Di sisi lain, terdapat beberapa pasien yang sudah merasa jenuh dengan penggunaan obat secara terus-menerus, mereka ingin segera lepas dari obat. Perbandingan manfaat yang dirasakan ketika meminum obat dan tidak juga turut memotivasi pasien dalam menggunakan obat. Dari berbagai data yang telah dihimpun dalam penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepatuhan berobat sangat dipengaruhi oleh efek yang diterima pasca penggunaan

STATUS TROFIK DAN ESTIMASI POTENSI PRODUKSI IKAN DI PERAIRAN DANAU TEMPE, SULAWESI SELATAN

Danau Tempe merupakan tipe danau rawa banjiran yang dikenal sebagai danau yang banyak menghasilkan ikan air tawar di Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian status trofik dan estimasi potensi produksi ikan di Danau Tempe dilakukan pada bulan Pebruari-Nopember 2010, bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi terkini tentang status trofik dan potensi produksi ikan pada perairan danau. Penelitian bersifat survei lapangan dan analisis di laboratorium. Survei dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali mewakili musim kemarau dan musim penghujan. Pengukuran parameter kualitas air dilaksanakan di sepuluh stasion yang dipilih secara purposif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air Danau tempe masih ideal mendukung kehidupan dan perkembanganbiakan ikan serta organisme air lainnya sebagai pakan ikan.  Status trofik perairan Danau Tempe sesuai kriteria Trophic Status Index, mempunyai indeks rata-rata 56,6 - 59,8 dengan status “eutrofik ringan”, ditandai melimpahnya tumbuhan air di perairan danau.  Angka potensi produksi ikan berkisar antara 69-148 kg/ha/tahun dengan nilai rata-rata 95 kg/ha/tahun. Dengan luasan Danau Tempe antara 15.000-20.000 hektar menghasilkan produksi ikan antara 1428 -1904 ton/tahun. Lake Tempe is a floodplain lake that produces a lot of freshwater fish in South Sulawesi Province. Research on trophic status and estimation of potential fish production in Lake Tempe was conducted from February-November, 2010. Aim of this study was to obtain information on the current condition of the trophic status and potential fish production in the lake waters. This study is based on the field survey and analysis in the laboratory. Surveys were conducted  4 times to represent the dry and rainy seasons, and water quality parameter measurements were carried out at ten stations selected purposively. The results shows that water quality parameters of Lake Tempe was still quite ideal to support aquatic life and the development of fish and other aquatic organisms as fish food. Trophic status of Tempe Lake waters according to the Trophic State Index (TSI) had mean index of 56,6 to 59,8 with state of mild eutrophic by indicating the abundance of aquatic plants. Potential fish production in Lake Tempe ranged from 69 to 148 kg/ha/year with an average value of 95 kg/ha/year. In normal conditions, the vast waters of Lake Tempe ranged between 15000-20000 hectares produce fish between 1428 to 1904 tons / year

KAJIAN KUALITAS AIR DAN POTENSI PRODUKSI SUMBER DAYA IKAN DI DANAU TOWUTI, SULAWESI SELATAN

Danau Towuti merupakan danau terbesar di kompleks Danau Malili, Sulawesi Selatan dan danau terbesar kedua di Indonesia setelah Danau Toba. Danau Towuti termasuk danau dengan tingkat endemisitas tinggi untuk jenis ikan perairan umum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas perairan dan potensi produksi ikan di Danau Towuti. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tiga kali survei di tahun 2008. Aspek ekologi yang diamati terdiri atas beberapa parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi perairan. Potensi produksi ikan dihitung berdasarkan pada hasil pengukuran produktivitas primer dari setiap stasiun penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas perairan Danau Towuti, baik secara fisik, kimia, dan biologi mendukung kehidupan dan perkembangan ikan.Berdasaran pada nilai kandungan phosfat, nitrat, plankton, produktivitas primer dan kandungan khlorofil-a, Danau Towuti diklasifikasikan dalam oligo mesotrofik yaitu tingkat kesuburan rendah sampai sedang. Potensi produksi ikan Danau Towuti dari hasil pengukuran produktivitas primer adalah ±195 ton/tahun

Sugar Consumption of the Adult Age Group: Phenomenological Study

Sugar consumption has been associated with some diseases such as diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. Qualitative informations regarding sugar consumption patterns among adult individuals is an essential approach to construct appropriate approaches to the emerging problems. The qualitative descriptive method with the phenomenological approach of this research employed a purposive sample technique with data saturation as the number determinant. The key informants who meet the requirements and are willing to participate are given an Informed Consent to be filled in before the interview. Interviews were done by semi structured guided questions. The Colaizzi 7 steps qualitative analysis technique are used to examine the data obtained 7 key informants participated voluntarily in this study. Results: There are 3 sub-themes emerged from the verbatim data: sugar sources, adjustment of the type of sugar intake, attempts to change sugar consumption patterns, and interventions related to sugar eating habits. The three sub-themes formed three major themes: the pattern of sugar intake and consumption time in daily routine, the attempt to change the habits of sugar consumption, the approach in changing the patterns of sugar consuming habits in adults through experience and knowledge, daily practice and through health education. As a health educator, it is expected to be able to modify society’s sugar consumption habits

Development of a Medication Compliance Determinant Instrument for Low-Middle Literate Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes, a leading cause of 6.7 million deaths in 2021, poses a significant challenge despite existing interventions. Non-adherence to treatment remains a barrier to diabetes management. However, a comprehensive instrument to assess medication adherence determinants in diabetes patients’ population in Indonesia with low-medium literacy levels and following the sociocultural characteristics of Indonesian society has been lacking. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a valid and reliable instrument for measuring medication adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients based on the Borg and Gall model. Through the input of an expert panel, a valid and reliable instrument was developed, which comprised 21 questions and encompassed all medication adherence determinants, with a CVR and CVI value of 1 and a final Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.731. This instrument is still being tested and needs to be implemented in the right and wider population to obtain more accurate results

Sesquiterpenoids from Stem Bark of Chisocheton lasiocarpus and Their Cytotoxic Activity against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell

Sesquiterpenoids are derivatives of terpenoid compound that have a diverse skeleton and broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly anticancer activity. This research reported the isolation and elucidation structure of sesquiterpenoid from Chisocheton lasiocarpus stem bark, as well as their cytotoxic activity. Four sesquiterpenoid compounds, namely eudesm-4(15)-ene-1β,6β-diol (1), allo-aromadendrane-10α,14-diol (2), allo-aromadendrane-10β,14-diol (3) and guaianediol (4), were isolated for the first time from Chisocheton lasiocarpus stem bark. The chemical structure of all compounds was identified by spectroscopic analysis, including IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT, and compared with previous reported spectral data. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds against MCF-7 breast cancer line were examined by using the resazurin method. The results showed compound 1 shown the highest cytotoxic activity with IC50 108.08 ± 0.58 µM

Green synthesis of stannic oxide nanoparticles for ciprofloxacin degradation: optimization and modelling using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the box–behnken design

In this work, stannic oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were biologically synthesized utilizing the polysaccharide extract of gum acacia by performing the calcination of stannous chloride precursors at 450° centigrade. The confirmation of SnO2 nanoparticles was done through various characterizations. Making use of the Scherer formula within the XRD analysis, the dimensions confirmed for the synthesized nanoparticles of SnO2 was obtained to be 4.66 nm. SnO2 NPs are 4.22 nm in size, according to TEM images. ciprofloxacin is a frequently utilized antibiotic as well as exclusive therapy for bacterial infections, and not viral pathogens. In this report, ciprofloxacin photocatalytic degradation in presence of stannic oxide was investigated, which was confirmed by the UV–Vis characterization. The results also optimized using RSM optimization and indicated that the efficiency of ciprofloxacin removal is 99.7% under the optimum conditions of experimental factors (catalyst concentration (R1) in 50 mg/L, ciprofloxacin dose (R2) in 0.5 g/L, and Reaction time (R3) in 120 min). These results suggest that these nanoparticles possess great potential for removing ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions

Stunting as a Synonym of Social Disadvantage and Poor Parental Education

Socially, economically, politically and emotionally (SEPE) disadvantaged children are shorter than children from affluent background. In view of previous work on the lack of association between nutrition and child growth, we performed a study in urban schoolchildren. We measured 723 children (5.83 to 13.83 years); Kupang, Indonesia; three schools with different social background. We investigated anthropometric data, clinical signs of malnutrition, physical fitness, parental education, and household equipment. Subjective self-confidence was assessed by the MacArthur test. The prevalence of stunting was between 8.5% and 46.8%. Clinical signs of under- or malnutrition were absent even in the most underprivileged children. There was no delay in tooth eruption. Underprivileged children are physically fitter than the wealthy. The correlation between height and state of nutrition (BMI_SDS, skinfold_SDS, MUAC_SDS) ranged between r = 0.69 (p < 0.01) and r = 0.43 (p < 0.01) in private school children, and between r = 0.07 (ns) and r = 0.32 (p < 0.01) in the underprivileged children. Maternal education interacted with height in affluent (r = 0.20, p < 0.01) and in underprivileged children (r = 0.20, p < 0.01). The shortness of SEPE disadvantaged children was not associated with anthropometric and clinical signs of malnutrition, nor with delay in physical development. Stunting is a complex phenomenon and may be considered a synonym of social disadvantage and poor parental education