Antimicrobial peptide expression in a wild tobacco plant reveals the limits of host-microbe-manipulations in the field

Plant-microbe associations are thought to be beneficial for plant growth and resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses, but for natural ecosystems, the ecological analysis of microbiome function remains in its infancy. We used transformed wild tobacco plants (Nicotiana attenuata) which constitutively express an antimicrobial peptide (Mc-AMP1) of the common ice plant, to establish an ecological tool for plant-microbe studies in the field. Transgenic plants showed in planta activity against plant-beneficial bacteria and were phenotyped within the plants´ natural habitat regarding growth, fitness and the resistance against herbivores. Multiple field experiments, conducted over 3 years, indicated no differences compared to isogenic controls. Pyrosequencing analysis of the root-associated microbial communities showed no major alterations but marginal effects at the genus level. Experimental infiltrations revealed a high heterogeneity in peptide tolerance among native isolates and suggests that the diversity of natural microbial communities can be a major obstacle for microbiome manipulations in nature

Investigation on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Aluminium-Tin Based Plain Bearing Material

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Mechanical and Tribological properties of plain bearing alloys used especially in internal combustion engines. The mechanical properties namely Tensile strength and Hardness were investigated according to standard procedure. The sliding friction and wear properties of aluminium-tin alloy against high carbon high chromium steel were investigated at different normal loads as (29.43 N, 33.35 N and 36.25 N). Tests were carried in oil lubricated conditions with a sliding speed of 1 m/s. Prior to experimentation, the circulating engine oil 20w40 was heated to temperature of 800C using heater. The frictional behavior and wear property of aluminium-tin alloy were studied by means of pin-on-disk tribometer. The weight loss of the specimen was measured and wear and friction characteristics were calculated with respect to time, depth of wear track, sliding speed and bearing load. To determine the wear mechanism, the worn surfaces of the samples were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The optimum wear reduction was obtained at different normal loads and at same sliding speed

Synthesis of beta-benzo[b]thienyldehydrophenylalanine derivatives by one pot palladium-catalyzed borylation and Suzuki coupling (BSC) and metal-assisted intramolecular cyclization: studies of fluorescence and antimicrobial activity

Palladium-catalyzed borylation and Suzuki coupling (BSC) in a one pot procedure was successfully applied to the synthesis of several beta-substituted dehydrophenylalanines in the benzo[b]thiophene series maintaining the stereochemistry of the starting materials. Bromobenzo[b]thiophenes bearing an ortho EDG (OMe or Me) were used as the components to be borylated with pinacolborane. Pure stereoisomers of beta-bromodehydrophenylalanines were used as the other Suzuki coupling component. Treatment of the methyl ester of N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-(Z)-beta-(2,3,5-trimethylbenzo[b]thien-6-yl)dehydrophenylalanine thus obtained, with Pd(OAc)2 and Cu(OAc)2 in DMF at 160 oC gave two indole derivatives (1:3). The major product resulting from isomerization and cyclization and the minor product resulting from direct cyclization (thienoindole). Reaction at 100 oC gave the same products in similar amounts. Using as starting material the methyl ester of N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-(Z)-beta-(2,3,7-trimethylbenzo[b]thien-6-yl)dehydrophenylalanine gave only one product, resulting from isomerization and cyclization at 100 oC. Two of the cyclized compounds were submitted to fluorescence studies; the thienoindole could be used as a fluorescent probe. Preliminary studies of antimicrobial activity were performed on the precursors and on the cyclized products.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - POCTI/99/QUI/32689, SFRH/BD/4709/2001

Dravidian thought over time and its spread

The rule of ‘does not change’ in the world is not fixed. Various thought movements under that rule appear every day around the world. It is natural for a variety of ‘songs’ and ‘movements’ to appear and disappear in the wake of crises. They emerge on all platforms when they have a profound impact on people for a period of time. In particular, it manifests itself in various forms in the activities of the educated people, in the arts, in literary works, and so on. Are more evident in literary works than in works and aesthetics. The educated community disseminates the platform of thought in a literary way. Thus, when the racial ideology of ‘Dravidianism’ appeared on an Indian scale it emerged as a symbol of individuality. Its intensity brought about a change in the world thinking after the english accepted and disseminated the notion that the Tamil language and the people who spoke that language were independent and beyond the tradition of Indian aryan thought. Similarly, art and literature in the Indian landscape, especially in the south, became widespread. Had a profound effect on the writing. ‘Dravidian Thought’ is one of the most active thought movements in Tamil Nadu. It has an impact that transcends national sentiments. Dravidian thought was recreated from ancient Tamil sources. Concepts about dravida continued to take shape in the literature of the liberation period. Dravidian ideas can be seen in the objects of film, drama, dance, and literature, and the tendency of the state to seize power. This article highlights the fact that dravidian thought, which emerged half a century ago and took great shape, continues to thrive because it continues to be popular today

Tradition and Culture manifested in the Ten Idylls

Literature helps to learn about people and to build a cohesive structure of language and community. This article explains at first glance the need to know the land from which such literature originated and its background, discusses the views of scholars on the trinity in general, and explains the end-to-end textual value of grammatical-literary evidence. ‘Legacy’ is based on ‘smuggling’ and ‘culture’ is based on ‘spreading’. ‘Abduction’ is inherited from one another. It has been explained that ‘diffusion’ stands for color that is visible to all and that culture is different from the traditional state of standing by explaining the norm of literature and genetics. Evidence suggests that the customs, beliefs, religions, rituals, diets, costumes and ornaments, tools, warfare, education, art, and professions of the Tamil people, which describe the period and chronology of the Ten Idylls as scholarly references and form cultural references, are increasingly expressed in Sangam literature in particular

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Studies on vertical garden system: A new landscape concept for urban living space

Vertical gardens are becoming a common component in contemporary garden designs at urban living space because of shrinking land spaces. Successful growing of plants in vertical garden systems depends up on growing container, plants chosen, growing media, etc. Hence a study was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Annamalai University, with the objectives to study the influence of Coir pith, Stockosorb and Geohumus as components of growing media along with FYM, Vermicompost and Leaf mould compost on growth and performance of ornamental plants for establishment of vertical garden and to study the performance of ornamental plants Viz., Philodendron erubescens Cv. ‘Gold’ and Polyscias fruticosa plants in wooden containers for establishment of vertical garden. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design in wooden containers, with ten treatment combinations of various growing media mixtures comprising red soil, river sand as basic components in combination with organic manures (FYM, vermicompost, leaf mould compost, coir pith) and hydrogels (Stocksorb and Geohumus). The plant growth characters and ornamental value index were observed. Among the three ornamental plants used, Polyscias fruticosa and Philodendron erubescens are performed better as ornamental plants in vertical garden system with the growing media of Red soil: River sand: Vermicompost @ 1:1:1/2 + Stockosorb(25g)

Studies on vertical garden system: A new landscape concept for urban living space

Vertical gardens are becoming a common component in contemporary garden designs at urban living space because of shrinking land spaces. Successful growing of plants in vertical garden systems depends up on growing container, plants chosen, growing media, etc. Hence a study was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Annamalai University, with the objectives to study the influence of Coir pith, Stockosorb and Geohumus as components of growing media along with FYM, Vermicompost and Leaf mould compost on growth and performance of ornamental plants for establishment of vertical garden and to study the performance of ornamental plants Viz., Philodendron erubescens Cv. ‘Gold’ and Polyscias fruticosa plants in wooden containers for establishment of vertical garden. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design in wooden containers, with ten treatment combinations of various growing media mixtures comprising red soil, river sand as basic components in combination with organic manures (FYM, vermicompost, leaf mould compost, coir pith) and hydrogels (Stocksorb and Geohumus). The plant growth characters and ornamental value index were observed. Among the three ornamental plants used, Polyscias fruticosa and Philodendron erubescens are performed better as ornamental plants in vertical garden system with the growing media of Red soil: River sand: Vermicompost @ 1:1:1/2 + Stockosorb(25g)

Transformation of Women Status through Self- Help Groups in Pudukkottai Block

The rural area peoples are mostly suffered of human life style because it is based on the reason of economic. The present study focused area of psychological, social and economic empowerment of women in Pudukkottai block specified rural area of Perungalur, Athanakottai, Varapur, Mullur and Vadavalam. It is; therefore, women need special attention to ensure their development and active participation in the decision-making process at home. It is also widely recognized that apart from managing household, bearing children, rural women bring income with productive activities ranging from traditional work in the fields to working in factories or running small and petty businesses. They have also proven that they can be better entrepreneurs and development managers in any kind of human development activities. The empowerment of women also considered as an active process enabling women to realize their full identity and power in all spheres of life. The empowerment of women is modified in our life with help of Self Help Groups in Pudukkottai area