27 research outputs found
Dusty Tori of Luminous Type 1 Quasars at \u3cem\u3ez\u3c/em\u3e ~ 2
We present Spitzer infrared (IR) spectra and ultraviolet (UV) to mid-IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 25 luminous type 1 quasars at z ~ 2. In general, the spectra show a bump peaking around 3 μm and the 10 μm silicate emission feature. The 3 μm emission is identified with hot dust emission at its sublimation temperature. We explore two approaches to modeling the SED: (1) using the CLUMPY model SED from Nenkova et al. and (2) the CLUMPY model SED and an additional blackbody component to represent the 3 μm emission. In the first case, a parameter search of ~1.25 million CLUMPY models shows that (1) if we ignore the UV-to-near-IR SED, models fit the 2-8 μm region well, but not the 10 μm feature; (2) if we include the UV-to-near-IR SED in the fit, models do not fit the 2-8 μm region. The observed 10 μm features are broader and shallower than those in the best-fit models in the first approach. In the second case, the shape of the 10 μm feature is better reproduced by the CLUMPY models. The additional blackbody contribution in the 2-8 μm range allows CLUMPY models dominated by cooler temperatures (T \u3c 800 K) to better fit the 8-12 μm SED. A centrally concentrated distribution of a small number of torus clouds is required in the first case, while in the second case the clouds are more spread out radially. The temperature of the blackbody component is ~1200 K as expected for graphite grains
The Mid-Infrared Continua of Seyfert Galaxies
An analysis of archival mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectra of Seyfert galaxies
from the Spitzer Space Telescope observations is presented. We characterize the
nature of the mid-IR active nuclear continuum by subtracting a template
starburst spectrum from the Seyfert spectra. The long wavelength part of the
spectrum contains a strong contribution from the starburst-heated cool dust;
this is used to effectively separate starburst-dominated Seyferts from those
dominated by the active nuclear continuum. Within the latter category, the
strength of the active nuclear continuum drops rapidly beyond ~ 20 micron. On
average, type 2 Seyferts have weaker short-wavelength active nuclear continua
as compared to type 1 Seyferts. Type 2 Seyferts can be divided into two types,
those with strong poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bands and those
without. The latter type show polarized broad emission lines in their optical
spectra. The PAH-dominated type 2 Seyferts and Seyfert 1.8/1.9s show very
similar mid-IR spectra. However, after the subtraction of the starburst
component, there is a striking similarity in the active nuclear continuum of
all Seyfert optical types. PAH-dominated Seyfert 2s and Seyfert 1.8/1.9s tend
to show weak active nuclear continua in general. A few type 2 Seyferts with
weak/absent PAH bands show a bump in the spectrum between 15 and 20 micron. We
suggest that this bump is the peak of a warm (~200 K) blackbody dust emission,
which becomes clearly visible when the short-wavelength continuum is weaker.
This warm blackbody emission is also observed in other Seyfert optical
subtypes, suggesting a common origin in these active galactic nuclei.Comment: 25 pages, 3 tables, 11 figures; Accepted for Publication in Nov. 2009
ApJ issue
Differential Effects of Leptin on the Invasive Potential of Androgen-Dependent and -Independent Prostate Carcinoma Cells
Obesity has been linked with an increased risk of prostate cancer. The formation of toxic free oxygen radicals has been implicated in obesity mediated disease processes. Leptin is one of the major cytokines produced by adipocytes and controls body weight homeostasis through food intake and energy expenditure. The rationale of the study was to determine the impact of leptin on the metastatic potential of androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) cells as well as androgen-insensitive (PC-3 and DU-145) cells. At a concentration of 200 nm, LNCaP cells showed a significant increase (20% above control; P < .0001) in cellular proliferation without any effect on androgen-insensitive cells. Furthermore, exposure to leptin caused a significant (P < .01 to P < .0001) dose-dependent decrease in migration and invasion of PC3 and Du-145 prostate carcinoma cell lines. At the molecular level, exposure of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells to leptin stimulates the phosphorylation of MAPK at early time point as well as the transcription factor STAT3, suggesting the activation of the intracellular signaling cascade upon leptin binding to its cognate receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that leptin mediates the invasive potential of prostate carcinoma cells, and that this effect is dependent on their androgen sensitivity
Eight-Dimensional Mid-Infrared/Optical Bayesian Quasar Selection
We explore the multidimensional, multiwavelength selection of quasars from
mid-IR (MIR) plus optical data, specifically from Spitzer-IRAC and the Sloan
Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We apply modern statistical techniques to combined
Spitzer MIR and SDSS optical data, allowing up to 8-D color selection of
quasars. Using a Bayesian selection method, we catalog 5546 quasar candidates
to an 8.0 um depth of 56 uJy over an area of ~24 sq. deg; ~70% of these
candidates are not identified by applying the same Bayesian algorithm to
4-color SDSS optical data alone. Our selection recovers 97.7% of known type 1
quasars in this area and greatly improves the effectiveness of identifying
3.5<z<5 quasars. Even using only the two shortest wavelength IRAC bandpasses,
it is possible to use our Bayesian techniques to select quasars with 97%
completeness and as little as 10% contamination. This sample has a photometric
redshift accuracy of 93.6% (Delta Z +/-0.3), remaining roughly constant when
the two reddest MIR bands are excluded. While our methods are designed to find
type 1 (unobscured) quasars, as many as 1200 of the objects are type 2
(obscured) quasar candidates. Coupling deep optical imaging data with deep
mid-IR data could enable selection of quasars in significant numbers past the
peak of the quasar luminosity function (QLF) to at least z~4. Such a sample
would constrain the shape of the QLF and enable quasar clustering studies over
the largest range of redshift and luminosity to date, yielding significant
gains in our understanding of quasars and the evolution of galaxies.Comment: 49 pages, 14 figures, 7 tables. AJ, accepte
CIV Emission and the Ultraviolet through X-ray Spectral Energy Distribution of Radio-Quiet Quasars
In the restframe UV, two of the parameters that best characterize the range
of emission-line properties in quasar broad emission-line regions are the
equivalent width and the blueshift of the CIV line relative to the quasar rest
frame. We explore the connection between these emission-line properties and the
UV through X-ray spectral energy distribution (SED) for radio-quiet (RQ)
quasars. Our sample consists of a heterogeneous compilation of 406 quasars from
the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Palomar-Green survey that have well-measured
CIV emission-line and X-ray properties (including 164 objects with measured
Gamma). We find that RQ quasars with both strong CIV emission and small CIV
blueshifts can be classified as "hard-spectrum" sources that are (relatively)
strong in the X-ray as compared to the UV. On the other hand, RQ quasars with
both weak CIV emission and large CIV blueshifts are instead "soft-spectrum"
sources that are (relatively) weak in the X-ray as compared to the UV. This
work helps to further bridge optical/soft X-ray "Eigenvector 1" relationships
to the UV and hard X-ray. Based on these findings, we argue that future work
should consider systematic errors in bolometric corrections (and thus accretion
rates) that are derived from a single mean SED. Detailed analysis of the CIV
emission line may allow for SED-dependent corrections to these quantities.Comment: AJ, in press; 39 pages, 11 figures, 3 table
Unification of Luminous Type 1 Quasars through CIV Emission
Using a sample of 30,000 quasars from SDSS-DR7, we explore the range of
properties exhibited by high-ionization, broad emission lines, such as CIV
1549. Specifically we investigate the anti-correlation between L_UV and
emission line EQW (the Baldwin Effect) and the "blueshifting" of
high-ionization emission lines. The blueshift of the CIV emission line is
nearly ubiquitous, with a mean shift of 810 km/s for radio-quiet (RQ) quasars
and 360 km/s for radio-loud (RL) quasars, and the Baldwin Effect is present in
both RQ and RL samples. Composite spectra are constructed as a function of CIV
emission line properties in attempt to reveal empirical relationships between
different line species and the SED. Within a two-component disk+wind model of
the broad emission line region (BELR), where the wind filters the continuum
seen by the disk component, we find that RL quasars are consistent with being
dominated by the disk component, while BALQSOs are consistent with being
dominated by the wind component. Some RQ objects have emission line features
similar to RL quasars; they may simply have insufficient black hole (BH) spin
to form radio jets. Our results suggest that there could be significant
systematic errors in the determination of L_bol and BH mass that make it
difficult to place these findings in a more physical context. However, it is
possible to classify quasars in a paradigm where the diversity of BELR
parameters are due to differences in an accretion disk wind between quasars
(and over time); these differences are underlain primarily by the SED, which
ultimately must be tied to BH mass and accretion rate.Comment: 51 pages, 18 figures, accepted by AJ, revised version includes
various modifications based on the referee's comment
Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries
Abstract
Background
Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.
Methods
This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries.
Results
In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.
Conclusion
This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries