Key Money (Badl Al-Khulu): An Islamic Perspective

The key money (badl al-khulu) refers to the amount that one pays to the other whoforgoes his/her right to enjoy the usufruct of the real estate like house, shop and others.This paper intends to study the legal status of exchanging key money from the perspective of Islamic law. The study is qualitative in nature and an analytical method is employed to accomplish the study based on both classical and modern references of the topic. The study finds that the exchange of key money could be between the tenant and the landlord or between the current tenant and the subsequent tenant, or among all these three parties. If the exchange of key money is made during the lease period then it is permissible. However, if it is made after expiry of lease period then it is invalid because after termination of the right of tenant the landlord is more entitled to his/her possessions and he/she may do whatever wishes. Nevertheless, if the landlord consents to the exchange of key money, and the tenant makes a new lease agreement with him, then the exchange of key money is valid despite the expiry of the lease period

An appraisal of Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah: a legal code of Islamic civil transactions by the Ottoman

The Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah, known as the Mejelle, is a legal code of Islamic civil transactions drafted under the auspices of the Ottoman. This study intends to introduce the Mejelle and to evaluate the codification attempt made by the Mejelle. Employing analytical and critical methods the study finds out that in codification of Islamic civil transactions the attempt of the Mejelle is comparatively more successful and it explicitly distinguishes between the method of being reference for learning and reference for judiciary. The study demonstrates that generally the Mejelle consents to the preponderant views of Hanafi School, excluding few cases in which it conforms to minority Hanafi views considering public wellbeing and needs of the time. Nevertheless, the compilation process of the Mejelle complies with the principles of giving preponderance of the Hanafi School of Islamic law

Key money (badl al-khulu): an Islamic perspective

The key money (badl al-khulu) refers to the amount that one pays to the other who forgoes his/her right to enjoy the usufruct of the real estate like house, shop and others. This paper intends to study the legal status of exchanging key money from the perspective of Islamic law. The study is qualitative in nature and an analytical method is employed to accomplish the study based on both classical and modern references of the topic. The study finds that the exchange of key money could be between the tenant and the landlord or between the current tenant and the subsequent tenant, or among all these three parties. If the exchange of key money is made during the lease period then it is permissible. However, if it is made after expiry of lease period then it is invalid because after termination of the right of tenant the landlord is more entitled to his/her possessions and he/she may do whatever wishes. Nevertheless, if the landlord consents to the exchange of key money, and the tenant makes a new lease agreement with him, then the exchange of key money is valid despite the expiry of the lease period

Wasiyyah Wajibah in Islamic Estate Planning: An Analysis

Wasiyyah wajibah (binding will) is legislated by the law for unprivileged grandchildren due to death of their father during the lifetime of grandfather whereas other grandchildren, i.e. cousins, stay solvent. Contemporary Muslim scholars disagree on the obligatory status and category of inheritors of wasiyyah wajibah as well as confusion appears over its consumption among Muslim society. Hence, this study using an analytical method, aims to examine the legitimacy of wasiyyah wajibah and its parameters. The most important finding of this study is that wasiyyah wajibah is legitimate due to grandchildren’s sustenance and it is binding (wajibah) due to the authority of law as the judgment of ruler settles the dispute. Thus its legitimacy abides by the general principles of Islamic law. The study also concludes that the obligation of wasiyyah has been abrogated by the verse of inheritance only for the parents and relatives who inherit from the deceased’s legacy, not for the parents and relatives who are deprived from the deceased. Wasiyyah wajibah shall abide by the fundamentals of wasiyyah in Islamic law and the deceased’s volume of legacy will be the benchmark of the portion of grandchildren. Finally, wasiyyah wajibah signify the social justice and social solidarity of Islamic inheritance law (fara’id)

Application of umra and ruqba in disbursement of family takaful benefit:An analysis from shariah perspective

The paper aims to analyse the validity of practicing umra and ruqba concepts in disbursement of family takaful benefit from the shariah perspective. In the current practice of takaful, the disbursement of family takaful benefit is subject to the demise of takaful certificate holder. Upon maturity of the certificate, if the certificate holder is alive, he will enjoy takaful benefit but not the beneficiary or hibah recipient. Accordingly, he takes back the donation that he made earlier, which makes the arrangement contentious, as long as the Islamic value is concerned. To resolve this issue, the paper suggested that the takaful benefit could be disbursed based on umra and ruqba concepts as they are subject to the survival of the contracting parties. Umra and ruqba are valid provided that once the donation is executed, the donated object should never be returned to the donor. These concepts are appropriate for takaful because the beneficiary can enjoy takaful benefit only when the certificate holder dies before the maturity of certificate. Once the certificate holder dies, takaful benefit cannot be provided to him. The paper argues that the application of umra and ruqba concepts minimises the consequential issues that arise when takaful benefit is disbursed by nomination or inheritance or absolute hibah. Analysing the opinions of the classical Islamic jurists, the paper concludes that the application of umra and ruqba in disbursement of takaful benefit could be done with a structured checklist form

Da`wah activities towards youths in Bangladesh: challenges and prospects in the light of prophetic model

Since the independence of Bangladesh, much daÑwah works have been conducted in various ways either individually or jointly to spread the beauty of Islam. Somehow, these daÑwah entities appear to be less alert to the youth's concerns. As a result, the basic teachings and principles of Islam still remained blurry to the Muslim youth of Bangladesh. As a result, anti-Islamic sentiments and thoughts are developing in their minds. The present study will examine these issues and concerns and underlying reasons behind it. As a qualitative study, data collections will depend on textual analysis, contemporary reports, document analysis, and internet sources. Besides, some semi semi-structured interviews will be conducted with the daÑwah experts in Bangladesh. So, the objective of the study will be to set up the major challenges in presenting Islamic daÑwah to the Muslim youth in Bangladesh with the implementation of the Prophetic Method of daÑwah and some recommendations. The constructive proposal will act as a turning point in daÑwah work among the Bangladeshi youth especially and the scholars of contemporary times may discover some useful methods to carry out effective da`wah works in the present time

DETEKSI PARASIT DARAH PADA KUCING LIAR (STRAY CATS) DENGAN METODE PEWARNAAN MDT DI PASAR TRADISIONAL SURABAYA

The aim of this study was to detect blood parasites of stray cats with an MDT staining test. Total samples were 40 blood taken from 4 markets in Surabaya, every market took 10 samples of stray cats. Three (3) cc Blood took from vena cephalica antebrachial anterior or vena saphena. Then blood samples were stained using MDT and checked under microscope 1000 magnification. The result showed 7 positive (17,5%) Anaplasma sp from 40 samples. This study needs advanced diagnosis using PCR, antibody detection (IFA test), ELISA, and western immunoblot assay although blood staining was detected by the agent

A review on Reliability, Security and Memory Management of Numerous Operating Systems

With the improvement of technology and the growing needs of computer systems, it is needed to ensure that operating systems are able to provide the required functionalities. To provide these functionality operating systems are designed to maintain some design factors such as scalability, security, reliability, performance, memory management, energy efficiency. However, none of these factors can be achieved directly without facing any challenges. This research studied several design issues that are connected to each other in terms of providing an effective result. Therefore, this review article tried to reveal the major issues, which are independently more complex to solve at once. Finally, this research provides a guideline to overcome the challenges for future researchers by studying many research articles based on these design issues

Employees' retention strategy on quality of work life (QWL) dimensions of private commercial banks in Bangladesh

Quality of Work Life (QWL) is a philosophy on employees' organizational life satisfaction. Retention of experienced and trained employees is a challenging task for all organizations, especially for banking organizations. This research paper aims at identifying underlying dimensions of QWL program that shape employees' retention strategy in Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) in Bangladesh. The study is mainly based on primary data obtained through a structured questionnaire on 200 employees working at PCBs. Independent and dependent variables on a five - point "Likert -Type Scale" specifies how strongly the respondents agree or disagree with statements. Several statistical tools and techniques such as descriptive analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Zero Order Karl Pearson's correlation analysis and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression analysis have been used to determine empirical findings and draw a conclusion. The findings of the study shows the effects which can impinge on employees' retention strategy with the dimensions (maintenance and supervisory) being particularly significant. The authority of PCBs in Bangladesh should address these dimensions to retain their experienced and trained employees

Hypoxic Culture Conditions as a Solution for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Based Regenerative Therapy

Cell-based regenerative therapies, based on in vitro propagation of stem cells, offer tremendous hope to many individuals suffering from degenerative diseases that were previously deemed untreatable. Due to the self-renewal capacity, multilineage potential, and immunosuppressive property, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as an attractive source of stem cells for regenerative therapies. However, poor growth kinetics, early senescence, and genetic instability during in vitro expansion and poor engraftment after transplantation are considered to be among the major disadvantages of MSC-based regenerative therapies. A number of complex inter- and intracellular interactive signaling systems control growth, multiplication, and differentiation of MSCs in their niche. Common laboratory conditions for stem cell culture involve ambient O2 concentration (20%) in contrast to their niche where they usually reside in 2–9% O2. Notably, O2 plays an important role in maintaining stem cell fate in terms of proliferation and differentiation, by regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) mediated expression of different genes. This paper aims to describe and compare the role of normoxia (20% O2) and hypoxia (2–9% O2) on the biology of MSCs. Finally it is concluded that a hypoxic environment can greatly improve growth kinetics, genetic stability, and expression of chemokine receptors during in vitro expansion and eventually can increase efficiency of MSC-based regenerative therapies