The effect of endurance and circuit resistance training on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol in inactive male students: A randomized clinical trial

زمینه و هدف: عامل رشد عصبی مشتق از مغز نقش مهمی در رشد و تکامل دستگاه عصبی دارد. تحقیقات حیوانی نشان داده اند که سطوح سرمی این فاکتور تحت تأثیر فعالیت ورزشی قرار می گیرد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین تأثیر تمرین استقامتی و مقاومتی دایره ای بر عامل رشد عصبی مشتق شده از مغز و کورتیزول سرمی در مردان غیر فعال بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی، 30 دانشجوی پسر غیر فعال به طور تصادفی به سه گروه تمرین استقامتی، تمرین مقاومتی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. آزمودنی های گروه استقامتی برنامه تمرینی استقامتی شامل 45-30 دقیقه دوی تناوبی با شدت 75-60 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه را به مدت چهار هفته اجرا کردند. آزمودنی های گروه های تمرین مقاومتی نیز سه جلسه در هفته، به مدت چهار هفته تمرین مقاومتی دایره ای با شدت 75-60 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه را انجام دادند. قبل و 48 ساعت بعد از دوره‌ی تحقیق، نمونه گیری خونی برای سنجش مقادیر سرمی عامل رشد عصبی مشتق شده از مغز و کورتیزول از آزمودنی ها به عمل آمد. یافته ها: تمرین استقامتی و مقاومتی دایره ای غلظت سرمی عامل رشد عصبی مشتق شده از مغز را به طور معنی داری افزایش داد. در بررسی نتایج پس آزمون تفاوتی بین گروه های تمرینی مشاهده نشد؛ ولی بین دو گروه تمرین استقامتی و گروه کنترل تفاوت معنی دار بود. تمرین استقامتی و مقاومتی تأثیر معنی داری بر سطوح کورتیزول سرمی نداشت. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس یافته های این مطالعه، تمرین استقامتی و مقاومتی دایره ای باعث افزایش فاکتورهای نروتروفیک می شود که ممکن است بدین طریق باعث ایجاد سازگاری های ساختاری و عملکردی در دستگاه عصبی شود

Culture and the remembering of trauma

This research investigated the influence of culture and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on global autobiographical remembering (Study 1a) and on the phenomenological properties (Study 1b) and memory-content variables (Study 1c) of trauma-specific autobiographical remembering. Australian, British, and Iranian trauma survivors with and without PTSD completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, Self-Defining Memory Task, and Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire and provided trauma- and negative-memory narratives. We found that there were pan-cultural deficits and distortions in the global autobiographical remembering of participants with PTSD (Study 1a). In addition, the presence of PTSD moderated the usual effect of culture on the phenomenological properties of the trauma memory (Study 1b). Finally, participants with PTSD, regardless of cultural background, had significantly fewer expressions of autonomy and self-determination in their autobiographical remembering than did those without PTSD (Study 1c). The findings suggest that pan-culturally, individuals with PTSD have similar disruptions and distortions in their autobiographical remembering

Exact Two-Point Correlation Functions of Turbulence Without Pressure in Three-Dimensions

We investigate exact results of isotropic turbulence in three-dimensions when the pressure gradient is negligible. We derive exact two-point correlation functions of density in three-dimensions and show that the density-density correlator behaves as $|{x_1 - x_2}|^{-\alpha_3}$, where $\alpha_3 = 2 + \frac{\sqrt{33}}{6}$. It is shown that, in three-dimensions, the energy spectrum $E(k)$ in the inertial range scales with exponent $2 - \frac {\sqrt{33}}{12} \simeq 1.5212$. We also discuss the time scale for which our exact results are valid for strong 3D--turbulence in the presence of the pressure. We confirm our predictions by using the recent results of numerical calculations and experiment.Comment: 9 pages, latex, no figures, we have corrected the our basic equations. We predict the inertial-range exponent for the energy spectrum for 3D-turbulence without pressure. We will present the detail of calculation and the results for 2D-turbulence elsewhere. Also some references are adde

Experimental and numerical investigation of the uplift capacity of plate anchors in geocell-reinforced sand

Plate anchors are frequently used to provide resistance against uplift forces. This paper describes the reinforcing effects of a geocell-reinforced soil layer on uplift behavior of anchor plates. The uplift tests were conducted in a test pit at near full-scale on anchor plates with widths between 150 and 300 mm with embedment depths of 1.5–3 times the anchor width for both unreinforced and geocell-reinforced backfill. A single geocell layer with pocket size 110 mm × 110 mm and height 100 mm, fabricated from non-perforated and nonwoven geotextile, was used. The results show that the peak and residual uplift capacities of anchor models were highest when the geocell layer over the anchor was used, but with increasing anchor size and embedment depth, the benefit of the geocell reinforcement deceases. Peak loads between 130% and 155% of unreinforced conditions were observed when geocell reinforcement was present. Residual loading increased from 75% to 225% that of the unreinforced scenario. The reinforced anchor system could undergo larger upward displacements before peak loading occurred. These improvements may be attributed to the geocell reinforcement distributing stress to a wider area than the unreinforced case during uplift. The breakout factor increases with embedment depth and decreased with increasing anchor width for both unreinforced and reinforced conditions, the latter yielding larger breakout factors. Calibrated numerical modelling demonstrated favorable agreement with experimental observations, providing insight into detailed behavior of the system. For example, surface heave decreased by over 80% when geocell was present because of a much more efficient stress distribution imparted by the presence of the geocell layer

Burden of spinal cord injury in Tehran, Iran

Study Design:Investigation of burden of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) using disease modeling. Objectives:The present paper is intended to estimate the SCI burden for the year 2008. Setting:Tehran, capital of Iran. Methods:Epidemiological data needed to calculate Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) for SCI, was estimated according to prevalence, duration and relative risk of mortality using DISMOD software. For DALY calculation, the years of life lost because of premature mortality (YLL) was added to the number of years lost because of disability (YLD). To calculate DALYs for SCI, first year DALY calculated separately and for the next years, the DALY was assessed for six different clinical presentations of traumatic SCI including quadriplegia, quadriparesis, paraplegia, paraparesis, hemiplegia and hemiparesis. Results:In first year following SCI, the DALY was 3772 years, which has 0.5 DALY per 1000 people and YLL/DALY was 89.3. Following the first year, the DALY was 435 for quadriplegia, 163 for quadriparesis, 868 for paraplegia, 164 for paraparesis, 26 for hemiplegia and 14 for hemiparesis. The total YLL for traumatic SCI was 4077 years and total YLD was 1364 years (total YLL/DALY was 74.9) and total DALY was 5441 years, (M/F=2.0), which has 0.7 DALY per 1000 people in Tehran in 2008.Conclusions:This study showed a high burden for SCI. Identifying the risk factors of SCI, and performing cost-effective preventive interventions for reducing burden of SCI is recommended. © 2010 International Spinal Cord Society All rights reserved

Lithium attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effect of juvenile social stress through mitigating the negative impact of interlukin-1β and nitric oxide on hypothala...

Abstract—The neuroimmune-endocrine dysfunction has been accepted as one of fundamental mechanisms contributing to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the involvement of hypothalamic–pituitary–adre nal (HPA) axis, interleukin-1b, and nitrergic system in mediating the negative behavioral impacts of juvenile social isolation stress (SIS) in male mice. We also investigated the possible protective effects of lithium on behavioral and neurochemical changes in socially isolated animals. Results showed that experiencing 4-weeks of juvenile SIS provoked depressive and anxiety-like behaviors that were associated with hyper responsiveness of HPA axis, upregulation of interleukin-1b, and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in the pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus. Administration of lithium (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effects of SIS in behavioral tests. Lithium also restored the negative effects of SIS on cortical and hippocampal interleukin-1b and NO as well as HPA axis deregulation. Unlike the neutralizing effects of L-arginine (NO precursor), administration of L-NAME (3 mg/kg) and aminoguanidine (20 mg/kg) potentiated the positive effects of lithium on the behavioral and neurochemical profile of isolated mice. In conclusion, our results revealed that juvenile SIS-induced behavioral deficits are associated with abnormalities in HPA-immune function. Also, we suggest that alleviating effects of lithium on behavioral profile of isolated mice may be partly mediated by mitigating the negative impact of NO on HPA-immune function. � 2015 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve

A case of fatal strongyloidiasis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and molecular characterization of the isolate

Strongyloides stercoralis is a human intestinal parasite which may lead to complicated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised. Here, a case of complicated strongyloidiasis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is reported. Presence of numerous S. stercoralis larvae in feces and sputum confirmed the diagnosis of hyperinfection syndrome in this patient. Following recovery of filariform larvae from agar plate culture of the stool, the isolate was characterized for the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA gene by nested-PCR and sequencing. Albendazole therapy did not have cure effects; and just at the beginning of taking ivermectin, the patient died. The most important clue to prevent such fatal consequences is early diagnosis and proper treatment

Potential diagnostic and prognostic value of serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review

It remains unclear whether biomarkers in the serum or CSF can be used for diagnosis or prognosis of spinal cord injuries (SCI). Therefore, a systematic review was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic or diagnostic value of serum and CSF biomarkers in assessing the severity of SCI and the outcome of patients. Two independent reviewers summarized the human studies retrieved from the electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Scopus and ISI Web of Science until April 2018. Seventeen studies were included (1065 patients aged 16�94 years old). Although the findings of the included studies suggest that inflammatory and structural proteins may be useful in assessing the severity of SCI and prediction of neurological outcome, the level of evidence is generally low. Given limitations to the available evidence, further investigation in this field is required using large prospective data sets with rigorous analysis of sensitivity, specificity and prediction. (Figure presented.). © 2018 International Society for Neurochemistr

National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran (NSCIR-IR) � a critical appraisal of its strengths and weaknesses

The National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran (NSCIR-IR) is a not-for-profit, hospital-based, and prospective observational registry that appraises the quality of care, long-term outcomes and the personal and psychological burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Iran. Benchmarking validity in every registry includes rigorous attention to data quality. Data quality assurance is essential for any registry to make sure that correct patients are being enrolled and that the data being collected are valid. We reviewed strengths and weaknesses of the NSCIR-IR while considering the methodological guidelines and recommendations for efficient and rational governance of patient registries. In summary, the steering committee, funded and maintained by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, the international collaborations, continued staff training, suitable data quality, and the ethical approval are considered to be the strengths of the registry, while limited human and financial resources, poor interoperability with other health systems, and time-consuming processes are among its main weaknesses. © 2019 Chinese Medical Associatio

The data set development for the National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran (NSCIR-IR): progress toward improving the quality of care

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this manuscript is to describe the development process of the data set for the National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran (NSCIR-IR). SETTING: SCI community in Iran. METHODS: The NSCIR-IR data set was developed in 8 months, from March 2015 to October 2015. An expert panel of 14 members was formed. After a review of data sets of similar registries in developed countries, the selection and modification of the basic framework were performed over 16 meetings, based on the objectives and feasibility of the registry. RESULTS: The final version of the data set was composed of 376 data elements including sociodemographic, hospital admission, injury incidence, prehospital procedures, emergency department visit, medical history, vertebral injury, spinal cord injury details, interventions, complications, and discharge data. It also includes 163 components of the International Standards for the Neurologic Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) and 65 data elements related to quality of life, pressure ulcers, pain, and spasticity. CONCLUSION: The NSCIR-IR data set was developed in order to meet the quality improvement objectives of the registry. The process was centered around choosing the data elements assessing care provided to individuals in the acute and chronic phases of SCI in hospital settings. The International Spinal Cord Injury Data Set was selected as a basic framework, helped by comparison with data from other countries. Expert panel modifications facilitated the implementation of the registry process with the current clinical workflow in hospitals