Ectonucleotidases in Tumor Cells and Tumor-Associated Immune Cells: An Overview

Increasing evidence points out that genetic alteration does not guarantee the development of a tumor and indicates that complex interactions of tumor cells with the microenvironment are fundamental to tumorigenesis. Among the pathological alterations that give tumor cells invasive potential, disruption of inflammatory response and the purinergic signaling are emerging as an important component of cancer progression. Nucleotide/nucleoside receptor-mediated cell communication is orchestrated by ectonucleotidases, which efficiently hydrolyze ATP, ADP, and AMP to adenosine. ATP can act as danger signaling whereas adenosine, acts as a negative feedback mechanism to limit inflammation. Many tumors exhibit alterations in ATP-metabolizing enzymes, which may contribute to the pathological events observed in solid cancer. In this paper, the main changes occurring in the expression and activity of ectonucleotidases in tumor cells as well as in tumor-associated immune cells are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on the understanding of the purinergic signaling primarily as exemplified by research done by the group on gliomas

Extracellular mycobacterial DnaK polarizes macrophages to the M2-like phenotype

Macrophages are myeloid cells that play an essential role in inflammation and host defense, regulating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can polarize to two distinct phenotypes. The M1 phenotype is activated by IFN-c and bacterial products, and displays an inflammatory profile, while M2 macrophages are activated by IL-4 and tend to be anti-inflammatory or immunosupressive. It was observed that DnaK from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has immunosuppressive properties, inducing a tolerogenic phenotype in dendritic cells and MDSCs, contributing to graft acceptance and tumor growth. However, its role in macrophage polarization remains to be elucidated. We asked whether DnaK was able to modulate macrophage phenotype. Murine macrophages, derived from bone marrow, or from the peritoneum, were incubated with DnaK and their phenotype compared to M1 or M2 polarized macrophages. Treatment with DnaK leads macrophages to present higher arginase I activity, IL-10 production and FIZZ1 and Ym1 expression. Furthermore, DnaK increased surface levels of CD206. Importantly, DnaK-treated macrophages were able to promote tumor growth in an allogeneic melanoma model. Our results suggest that DnaK polarizes macrophages to the M2-like phenotype and could constitute a virulence factor and is an important immunomodulator of macrophage responses

Differential macrophage activation alters the expression profile of NTPDase and Ecto-5´-nucleotidase

Macrophages are key elements in the inflammatory process, whereas depending on the micro-environmental stimulation they exhibit a pro-inflammatory (classical/M1) or an anti-inflammatory/reparatory (alternative/M2) phenotype. Extracellular ATP can act as a danger signal whereas adenosine generally serves as a negative feedback mechanism to limit inflammation. The local increase in nucleotides communication is controlled by ectonucleotidases, such as members of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) family and ecto-59-nucleotidase/CD73 (ecto-59-NT). In the present work we evaluated the presence of these enzymes in resident mice M1 (macrophages stimulated with LPS), and M2 (macrophages stimulated with IL-4) macrophages. Macrophages were collected by a lavage of the mice (6–8 weeks) peritoneal cavity and treated for 24 h with IL-4 (10 ng/mL) or LPS (10 ng/mL). Nitrite concentrations were measured using the Greiss reaction. Supernatants were harvested to determine cytokines and the ATPase, ADPase and AMPase activities were determined by the malachite green method and HPLC analysis. The expression of selected surface proteins was evaluated by flow cytometry. The results reveal that M1 macrophages presented a decreased ATP and AMP hydrolysis in agreement with a decrease in NTPDase1, -3 and ecto-59-nucleotidase expression compared to M2. In contrast, M2 macrophages showed a higher ATP and AMP hydrolysis and increased NTPDase1, -3 and ecto-59-nucleotidase expression compared to M1 macrophages. Therefore, macrophages of the M1 phenotype lead to an accumulation of ATP while macrophages of the M2 phenotype may rapidly convert ATP to adenosine. The results also showed that P1 and P2 purinoreceptors present the same mRNA profile in both phenotypes. In addition, M2 macrophages, which have a higher ATPase activity, were less sensitive to cell death. In conclusion, these changes in ectoenzyme activities might allow macrophages to adjust the outcome of the extracellular purinergic cascade in order to fine-tune their functions during the inflammatory set

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Investigação das ectonucleotidases na diferenciação de macrófagos e na ativação de plaquetas : o papel da homocisteína

Os nucleotídeos extracelulares modulam uma variedade de ações biológicas via ativação de receptores purinérgicos. Esses efeitos são controlados pela ação de ectonucleotidases, tais como as E-NTPDases e a ecto-5´-NT/CD73, as quais hidrolisam o ATP até adenosina no meio extracelular. Nas células imunes, o ATP pode atuar como uma molécula sinalizadora de perigo enquanto a adenosina, um produto da degradação do ATP, serve como um mecanismo que controla/limita a inflamação. Já, no sistema vascular, o ADP é um agonista fisiológico envolvido na hemostasia normal e na trombose. Considerando que os macrófagos são elementos chave para processos inflamatórios e quando estímulados exibibem um fenótipo pró-inflamatório/defesa (clássico/M1) ou antiinflamatório/reparatório (alterantivo/M2). O objetivo foi investigar a atividade e expressão das ectonuclotidases em diferentes fenótipos de macrófago e avaliar o efeito da homocisteína sobre essas enzimas em macrófagos e plaquetas.. As análises da diferenciação de macrófagos em fenótipo próinflamatório/ M1 e antiinflamatório/M2 revelaram presença igual de receptores purinérgicos. Entretanto, mudança no perfil das ectonucleotidases como E-NTPDase1, E-NTPDase3 e ecto-5’- nucleotidase foram encontradas, sugerindo que os macrófagos devem alterar a casacata purinérgica durante a ativação fenotípica. No fenótipo pró-inflamatório/M1 houve uma diminuição na hidrólise de ATP, sugerindo um acúmulo do mesmo, enquanto no fenótipo antiinflamatório/M2 as enzimas conduzem para uma progressiva diminuição nas concentrações de nucleotídeos (ATP) e aumento na disponibilidade de adenosina. Já os macrófagos expostos a homocisteína apresentaram uma polarização para o fenótipo pro-inflamatório (M1) e nossos achados sugerem o envolvimento da ENTPDase3 e da ecto-5’-nucleotidase em macrófagos nas complicações inflamatórias associadas a homocisteína. Nas plaquetas, as quais são elementos fundamentais no processo de trombogênese, a homocisteína causou uma diminuição na hifrólise de ADP. Essa elevação no nível de ADP ao redor das plaquetas devido a inativação das ectonucleotidases, causada pela homocisteína, deve estar contribuindo para o aumento do risco trombótico descrito em pacientes com hiperhomocisteinemia. Além disso, os animais que receberam homocisteína tiveram um aumento na agregação plaquetária induzida por ADP. Em conclusão, os resultados do presente estudo reforçam o envolvimento do sistema purinérgico em processos inflamatórios/trombóticos e apontam parar o desenvolvimeto de tratamentos para doenças inflamatórias/trobóticas.Extracellular nucleotides modulate a variety of biological actions via purinergic receptor activation. These effects are modulated by ectonucleotidases, such as ENTPDases and ecto-5´- NT/CD73, which hydrolyze ATP to adenosine in the extracellular milieu. In the cells of the immune system, the ATP can act as danger signaling whereas adenosine, the ATP breakdown product, serves as a negative feedback mechanism to limit inflammation. Already, in the vasculare system, the ADP is a physiological agonist involved in normal hemostasis and thrombosis. Since, macrophages are key to inflammatory process, that depending on the microenvironmental stimulation exhibit proinflammatory/ defense (classical/M1) and antiinflammatory/reparatory (alternative/M2) phenotype. The objective of this study was investigate the activity and expression of the ectonuclotidases in differential macrophage phenotype and evaluate the homocysteine (Hcy) effects on theses enzymes in macrophages and platelets. . The analysis of differential macrophages in phenotype proinflamatory/ M1 and antiinflamatory/M2 showed the same expression to P1 and P2 purinoreceptors. However, change profile of the ectonucleotidases as E-NTPDase1, E-NTPDase3 and ecto-5’- nucleotidase enzymes in macrophages during phenotypic differentiation were found, suggesting that macrophages must alter the purinergic cascade during macrophages differentiation phenotypic. In the pro-inflamatory/M1 phenotype the ATP hydrolysis decreased, suggesting ATP accumulation. On the other hand, the antiinflamatory/M2 phenotype the enzymes lead to a progressive decrease in nucleotides (ATP) concentrations and an increase the adenosine availability. Already, the macrophages exposed to Hcy present a polarized pro-inflammatory profile (M1) and our findings suggest the involvement of the E-NTPDase3 and ecto-5’-nucleotidase in the inflammatory complications associates to homocysteine. In the Platelets, which are fundamental elements to the thrombogenesis process, the homocysteine decreased ADP hydrolysis. This elevation of ADP around of the platelets due inactivating of ectonucleotidase, probably by the indirect action of Hcy, may be contributing to increase thrombotic risk described in individuals with hyperhomocysteinemia. In addition, the animals that received Hcy treatment potentiate platelet aggregation induced by ADP. In conclusion, in the present study the results reinforce purinergic signaling involvement in inflammatory/thrombosis process and point to development of treatments to inflammatory/thrombotic diseases