Discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission coincident with molecular clouds in the W28 (G6.4-0.1) field

We observed the W28 field (for ~40 h) at Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray energies (E>0.1 TeV) with the H.E.S.S. Cherenkov telescopes. A reanalysis of EGRET E>100 MeV data was also undertaken. Results from the NANTEN 4m telescope Galactic plane survey and other CO observations have been used to study molecular clouds. We have discovered VHE gamma-ray emission (HESSJ1801-233) coincident with the northeastern boundary of W28, and a complex of sources (HESSJ1800-240A, B and C) ~0.5 deg south of W28, in the Galactic disc. The VHE differential photon spectra are well fit by pure power laws with indices Gamma~2.3 to 2.7. The NANTEN ^{12}CO(J=1-0) data reveal molecular clouds positionally associating with the VHE emission, spanning a ~15 km s^{-1} range in local standard of rest velocity. The VHE/molecular cloud association could indicate a hadronic origin for HESSJ1801-233 and HESSJ1800-240, and several cloud components in projection may contribute to the VHE emission. The clouds have components covering a broad velocity range encompassing the distance estimates for W28 (~2 kpc), and extending up to ~4 kpc. Assuming a hadronic origin, and distances of 2 and 4 kpc for cloud components, the required cosmic ray density enhancement factors (with respect to the solar value) are in the range ~10 to ~30. If situated at 2 kpc distance, such cosmic ray densities may be supplied by a SNR like W28. Additionally and/or alternatively, particle acceleration may come from several catalogued SNRs and SNR candidates, the energetic ultra compact HII region W28A2, and the HII regions M8 and M20 along with their associated open clusters. Further sub-mm observations would be recommended to probe in detail the dynamics of the molecular clouds at velocites >10 km s^{-1}, and their possible connection to W28.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. (Abstract shortened

Chemical and Microstructural Effects in Electrode Polarization

This presentation discusses the chemical and microstructural effects in electrode polarization and a relative comparison of contributions of the various polarizations in anode-supported cells

Histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultraestructural evaluation of inflammatory response in Arius genus fish under experimental inoculation of BCG

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory response kinetics after experimental inoculation with BCG in the primitive Arius sp. fish. The BCG was applied through the intramuscular injection in the caudal peduncular region, and the samples were collected for the analyses at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 33 post-injection. Acute phase inflammatory infiltrate was characterized by the predominant mononuclear cells, intersticial edema, and muscular tissue necrosis. As the inflammatory response evolved, a large number of multinuclear giant cells were formed containing the BCG. These giant cells were positive for the S100 protein at the histochemical analysis, which demonstrate the macrofage activity, confirmed by the ultra-structural analysis showing the lack of the cytoplasmic membrane enveloping the many nuclei within the giant cell. These results led to the conclusion that Arius sp. fish injected with the BCG showed a difuse inflammatory response characterized by a large number of mononuclear cells, absence of granuloma formation, and predominant giant cells.<br>Avaliou-se a cinética da resposta inflamatória induzida experimentalmente com BCG em peixes primitivos pertencentes ao gênero Arius. Os animais foram inoculados com BCG por via intramuscular na região do pedúnculo caudal, sendo realizada a coleta do material nos tempos experimentais de 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 33 dias pós-inoculação. A fase aguda da resposta inflamatória se mostrou na forma de infiltrado inflamatório composto predominantemente por células mononucleares, edema intersticial e necrose de tecido muscular. À medida que o processo se desenvolveu, houve formação e aumento no número de células gigantes multinucleadas envolvendo o inóculo. Essas células gigantes, ao exame imunohistoquímico, apresentaram positividade à proteína S100 indicando ação de células macrofágicas, além da ultraestrutura apontar a ausência de membrana citoplasmática entre os inúmeros núcleos presentes nas células. Em vista dos resultados obtidos podemos concluir que em peixes pertencentes ao gênero Arius sp. inoculados com BCG, verificou-se durante todo tempo experimental uma resposta inflamatória difusa composta predominantemente por células mononucleares, não havendo a formação granuloma, porém havendo o predomínio de células gigantes