An appraisal of the impact of international trade on economic growth of India- through the ARDL approach

Purpose: The study examines the impact of international trade on economic growth of India by using the Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) technique. The study further adopts Trade Openness Index to analyze the growing integration of India’s external trade with the outside world. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employs the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Test for unit root and Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) cointegration approach which entails the Wald Test, Long run OLS estimation test, Error Correction and short Run relationship estimation test, as well as the short run Causality test. The data on the variables of model and Trade Openness Indicator were sourced from the various data sources of the Handbook of Statistics on the Indian Economy and the UNCTAD, World Bank Databases. The Data for the index and the model is collected and analysed for the period of 1991 to 2017. Findings: The analysis of the Augmented Dickey fuller (ADF) test for unit root shows that the series were of different order, I(1) and I(0), hence the Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) co-integration technique was employed by the study. The long run relationship of the underlying variables is detected through the F-statistic (Wald test) which shows that the series are co-integrated. Long run relationship estimates presents a positive and significant relationship between exports and domestic investment with GDP. The analysis presents that the relationship between the variables imports and exchange rate with GDP was found to be negative, but statistically insignificant and the speed of adjustment term (Error Correction Term) was also found to be significant. Short run causality result reveals the presence of short run causality between exports, domestic investment and exchange rate to GDP. Practical Implications: The paper concludes a positive relationship between international trade and economic growth and supports the ideology of mercantilism to encourage exports through trade promotion and increased participation of India in the world markets. Originality/Value: The authors conclude a positive impact of international trade on India’s economic growth and long run relationship estimates present a positive and significant relationship between exports and domestic investment with GDP. Further analysis on implications on bilateral treaties and tariffs would add value to the current study.peer-reviewe

Implementation of a Shared Data Repository and Common Data Dictionary for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Research

Many previous attempts by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders researchers to compare data across multiple prospective and retrospective human studies have failed due to both structural differences in the collected data as well as difficulty in coming to agreement on the precise meaning of the terminology used to describe the collected data. Although some groups of researchers have an established track record of successfully integrating data, attempts to integrate data more broadly amongst different groups of researchers have generally faltered. Lack of tools to help researchers share and integrate data has also hampered data analysis. This situation has delayed improving diagnosis, intervention, and treatment before and after birth. We worked with various researchers and research programs in the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (CI-FASD) to develop a set of common data dictionaries to describe the data to be collected, including definitions of terms and specification of allowable values. The resulting data dictionaries were the basis for creating a central data repository (CI-FASD Central Repository) and software tools to input and query data. Data entry restrictions ensure that only data which conform to the data dictionaries reach the CI-FASD Central Repository. The result is an effective system for centralized and unified management of the data collected and analyzed by the initiative, including a secure, long-term data repository. CI-FASD researchers are able to integrate and analyze data of different types, collected using multiple methods, and collected from multiple populations, and data are retained for future reuse in a secure, robust repository

Synthesis, Characterisation and Antimicrobial Studies of Ni(Ii) Complex with Schiff Base as Ligand

Organometallic compounds have been used in medicine for centuries. Metal complexes play a vital role in pharmaceutical industry and agriculture. Interaction of various metal ions with antibiotics may enhance their antimicrobial activity as compared to that of free ligands. Metal complexes also play a vital role in the treatment of various neurological disorders.Transition metals such as copper,zinc,nickel are involved as transmitters in the neuronalsignalling pathways. This research work discusses,effective drug used as ligands (or) chelating agents that contain atom (or) groups like N,O,S that can attach with metal ion by coordinate linkage to form complexes.This paper deals insynthesis,characterisation and invitro antimicrobial studies of transition metal complex with mixed isoniazid and salicylaldehyde(schiff base)ligand-vitamin drugFT-IR,UV,and NMR. Spectral studies and molar conductance studies show that complex reaction occurred between drug and metal ion.In-vitro antimicrobial studies are undertaken with the Disc diffusion method. Inthe antimicrobial studies,drug-metal complex show greater antimicrobial effect than the sameof a free drug.These findings may be useful for development in future of metal complexes in human biological system.It will offer a platform for design of drug complexes for therapeutic use

Synergizing Land Value Capture and Transit-Oriented Development: A Study of Bengaluru Metro

This practice note evaluates the potential for transit-oriented development (TOD) and land value capture (LVC) to evolve in tandem with specific reference to the Bengaluru metro rail network. It recommends policy reorientation to synergize TOD and LVC so that the link between value capture and value creation can be strengthened

'I don`t need an eye check-up'. A qualitative study using a behavioural model to understand treatment-seeking behaviour of patients with sight threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in India.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) affects about 27% of patients with diabetes globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), DR is responsible for37 million cases of blindness worldwide. The SMART India study (October 2020-August 2021) documented the prevalence of diabetes, and DR in people40 years and above across ten Indian states and one Union Territory by conducting community screening. About 90% of people with sight threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) were referred from this screening study to eye hospitals for management, but failed to attend. This qualitative study, a component of the SMART India study, explored perceptions of referred patients regarding their susceptibility to eye related problems in diabetes and the benefits/barriers to seeking care. Perceived barriers from the viewpoint of ophthalmologists were also explored. Guided by the Health Beliefs Model (HBM), 20 semi structured interviews were carried out with consenting patients diagnosed with STDR. They included nine patients who had sought care recruited from eight eye hospitals across different states in India and eleven patients who did not seek care. Eleven ophthalmologists also participated. Four themes of analysis based on the HBM were, understanding of DR and its treatment, perceptions about susceptibility and severity, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and cues to action. Findings revealed poor understanding of the effects of diabetes on the eye contributing to low risk perception. Prohibitive costs of treatment, difficulties in accessing care services and poor social support were major barriers to seeking care. Ophthalmologists acknowledged that the absence of symptoms and the slow progressive nature of the disease deluded patients into thinking that they were fine. The study attests to the need for greater health literacy around diabetes, DR and STDR; for making treatment more affordable and accessible and for the development of effective patient education and communication strategies towards increasing compliance

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Estimating the costs of blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment among people with diabetes in India

Objectives This study provides an estimate of the annual cost of blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment (MSVI) among people with diabetes aged 40 years and above in India in the year 2019.Design A cost of illness study.Setting India.Participants People with diabetes aged 40 years and above in India in the year 2019.Primary and secondary outcome measures Estimates are provided for the total costs of screening for most common vision-threatening eye conditions, treatment of these conditions, economic activity lost by these people and their family carers whose ability to work is affected, and loss of quality of life experienced by people with diabetes and blindness or MSVI.Results It is estimated that for people with diabetes aged 40 years or above, annual screening followed by eye examination where required would cost around 42.3 billion Indian rupees (INR) (4230 crores) per year; treating sight problems around 2.87 billion INR (287 crores) per year if 20% of those needing treatment receive it; and lost economic activity around 472 billion INR (47 200 crores). Moreover, 2.86 million (0.286 crores) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are lost annually due to blindness and MSVI. The estimate of lost production is highly sensitive to the proportion of people with MSVI able to work and how their output compares with that of a person with no visual impairment.Conclusions This is the first study to estimate the cost of blindness and MSVI for people aged 40 years and over with diabetes in India. The annual cost to the Indian economy is substantial. This cost will be expected to fall if a successful screening and treatment plan is introduced in India. Further work is suggested using more robust data, when available, to estimate the loss of productivity and loss of QALYs, as this would be worthwhile