On the number of pancake stacks requiring four flips to be sorted

Using existing classification results for the 7- and 8-cycles in the pancake graph, we determine the number of permutations that require 4 pancake flips (prefix reversals) to be sorted. A similar characterization of the 8-cycles in the burnt pancake graph, due to the authors, is used to derive a formula for the number of signed permutations requiring 4 (burnt) pancake flips to be sorted. We furthermore provide an analogous characterization of the 9-cycles in the burnt pancake graph. Finally we present numerical evidence that polynomial formulae exist giving the number of signed permutations that require $k$ flips to be sorted, with $5\leq k\leq9$.Comment: We have finalized for the paper for publication in DMTCS, updated a reference to its published version, moved the abstract to its proper location, and added a thank you to the referees. The paper has 27 pages, 6 figures, and 2 table

Cycles in the burnt pancake graphs

The pancake graph $P_n$ is the Cayley graph of the symmetric group $S_n$ on $n$ elements generated by prefix reversals. $P_n$ has been shown to have properties that makes it a useful network scheme for parallel processors. For example, it is $(n-1)$-regular, vertex-transitive, and one can embed cycles in it of length $\ell$ with $6\leq\ell\leq n!$. The burnt pancake graph $BP_n$, which is the Cayley graph of the group of signed permutations $B_n$ using prefix reversals as generators, has similar properties. Indeed, $BP_n$ is $n$-regular and vertex-transitive. In this paper, we show that $BP_n$ has every cycle of length $\ell$ with $8\leq\ell\leq 2^n n!$. The proof given is a constructive one that utilizes the recursive structure of $BP_n$. We also present a complete characterization of all the $8$-cycles in $BP_n$ for $n \geq 2$, which are the smallest cycles embeddable in $BP_n$, by presenting their canonical forms as products of the prefix reversal generators.Comment: Added a reference, clarified some definitions, fixed some typos. 42 pages, 9 figures, 20 pages of appendice

Pregnancy Outcomes among Adolescent Tribal Women: Insights from South-East Rajasthan, India

Background: Adolescent pregnancy has been common in India and it hosts to several health consequences to the mothers and children. A detailed investigation of the prevalence and consequences of adolescent pregnancy is required. Objective: This study, thus, examines the association of pregnancy outcomes among adolescent women with various socio-cultural, economic and demographic backgrounds. Material & Methods: This study is based on primary data collected from ever married tribal women of south-eastern districts of Rajasthan, India. The birth outcomes of first order pregnancy have been considered to highlight the adolescent pregnancy. Analyses have been done by employing SPSS 16.0. Results: 9.7 percent of the total pregnancies conceived ever by the all respondents and 15.4 percent of total first order pregnancies have been reported to have terminated into non-live births. Women who experienced their first pregnancy at age 20 and above are 3.889 times (p<0.01) more likely tohave live birth outcome than to women of 16 years. Meena women are 1.95 times (p<0.05) more likely to experience live pregnancy outcome than counterpart Bhil women. Women belonging to rich wealth index are significantly 4 times (p<0.01) more likely to give live births. Conclusion: results demonstrate that considerable share of pregnancies among adolescent women turn into miscarriages and this prevalence is more likely among young, rural, uneducated and poor women than their counterpart women. Hence, it is an urgent need to enhance the awareness and improve the socio-economic conditions of tribal women for better health outcomes of mothers and children. &nbsp

DEVELOPMENT OF ROLL-TO-ROLL SLOT DIE COATED PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained a lot of attention in recent years because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties and ability to tolerate defects. Additionally, they can be produced at high throughput using solution processing techniques. It is this feature of perovskite that is leveraged in this work to show their scale up potential by R2R slot die coating.Slot die coating is a highly precise and controllable technique that can be used to coat a wide range of materials onto a variety of substrates, including flexible and rigid materials. Slot die coating is commonly used in the production of electronic devices, solar cells, and other products that require thin, uniform films of materials. First a P-I-N architecture of PSCs was developed and optimised with 4 layers slot die coated. This included the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS), active layer (MAPbI3), electron transport layer (PCBM), buffer layer (BCP). With 4 R2R slot die coated layer, a stabilised PCE of 12% is achieved. Further, a low toxic solvent system was used to coat the MAPbI3 and its economic benefits are discussed. Next, in efforts to replace PEDOT:PSS, PTAA hole transport layer was explored. Due to thin coating of PTAA on rough surfaces of PET-ITO, PTAA based devices resulted in high shorting. To avoid this a thin buffer layer of PEDOT:PSS on PET-ITO was slot die coated before coating PTAA. This improved the performance of the PSCs to 15.2%. Further, the role of PEDOT:PSS is characterised using AFM and XPS. Additionally, the optimization of a R2R slot die coating process for MAPbI3 was carried out on a PTAA surface. The loss of performance that occurred during the transfer from spin coating to R2R slot die coating was characterized, and multiple theories were tested to understand the cause. It was found that the poor interface between MAPbI3 and PTAA was responsible for the drop in performance. Finally, the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) helped to reduce the gap in performance between R2R and spin-coated MAPbI3 on PTAA hole transport layers. The presence of DMSO slowed the growth of crystal formation, leading to improved crystal orientation and improved performance of the PSCs

In silico Gene Characterization and biological annotation of Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88

Genome annotation is the process of estimation of biological features from genomic data. The target of a genome annotation is to identify the key features of the genome sequence particularly, the genes and gene products. The characteristics of a gene, its products, and gene prediction programs of Aspergillus niger are discussed. Although the number of genomes in genomic databases are increasing day by day, genome-wide analyses are affected by the quality of the genome annotations. This study illustrates the importance of integrative approaches for automatic annotations of genomes of Aspergillus niger by computational methods. However, the annotation process is more complicated in Eukaryotes; we used a comparative study for gene prediction using the FgenesH algorithm by various software providers. The final annotation of Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88. has been created as a GB file in Artemis, A sequence viewer and annotation tool was developed in the anger Institute