21 research outputs found

    BĂȘta-agonistes et qualitĂ© de la viande

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    Les bĂȘta-agonistes sont des mĂ©dicaments du systĂšme nerveux sympathique qui reproduisent les effets bĂȘta 2 des catĂ©cholamines. Outre les effets sur divers organes, les bĂȘta-agonistes sont des agents rĂ©partiteurs, qui permettent une valorisation des carcasses en diminuant le taux de graisse et en augmentant le taux de muscle. L'augmentation de la masse musculaire est permise par une baisse du catabolisme protĂ©ique et une augmentation de l'anabolisme dans le muscle. La diminution de la lipogĂ©nĂšse explique la baisse du taux de graisse surtout en pĂ©riode de finition. Cependant la qualitĂ© gustative de la viande dĂ©pend de nombreux paramĂštres. La tendretĂ© dĂ©pend de l'Ă©tat de contraction du muscle lors de l'entrĂ©e en rigiditĂ© cadavĂ©rique, de la teneur et de la maturitĂ© du tissu conjonctif et d'une bonne maturation de la viande corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  une Ă©volution correcte du pH. La jutositĂ© varie avec la quantitĂ© de lipides et d'eau de la viande, et surtout avec le pouvoir de rĂ©tention d'eau. La saveur et l'arĂŽme dĂ©pendent de la libĂ©ration de molĂ©cules lors de la maturation qui ne s'opĂšre elle aussi qu'a un pH donnĂ©. Les bĂȘta-agonistes ont une influence sur nombre de ces paramĂštres. Ils donnent un tissu conjonctif plus mature, donc moins tendre. Ils amenuisent les rĂ©serves en glycogĂšne, ceci ayant pour consĂ©quence une baisse insuffisante du pH et donc une mauvaise maturation de la viande. Ils augmentent la quantitĂ© d'eau dans le muscle et diminuent la quantitĂ© de lipides. En consĂ©quence le traitement de l'animal avec des bĂȘta-agonistes a pour consĂ©quence une diminution de la tendretĂ© de la viande, ainsi que de la jutositĂ©, il donne des viandes plus sombres et donc avec une qualitĂ© organoleptique dĂ©prĂ©ciĂ©e. Les bĂȘta-agonistes sont totalement interdits d'utilisation dans la CEE depuis le 1 janvier 1988. En France, la Direction GĂ©nĂ©rale de l'Alimentation met en place de nombreux contrĂŽles et analyses qui visent Ă  dĂ©tecter l'utilisation de ces bĂȘta-agonistes. MalgrĂ© cela, des fraudeurs continuent Ă  utiliser des cocktails de ces molĂ©cules pour l'engraissement des animaux d'Ă©levage en Europe et dans le monde

    Distinct spatiotemporal patterns and PARP dependence of XRCC1 recruitment to single-strand break and base excision repair

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    Single-strand break repair (SSBR) and base excision repair (BER) of modified bases and abasic sites share several players. Among them is XRCC1, an essential scaffold protein with no enzymatic activity, required for the coordination of both pathways. XRCC1 is recruited to SSBR by PARP-1, responsible for the initial recognition of the break. The recruitment of XRCC1 to BER is still poorly understood. Here we show by using both local and global induction of oxidative DNA base damage that XRCC1 participation in BER complexes can be distinguished from that in SSBR by several criteria. We show first that XRCC1 recruitment to BER is independent of PARP. Second, unlike SSBR complexes that are assembled within minutes after global damage induction, XRCC1 is detected later in BER patches, with kinetics consistent with the repair of oxidized bases. Third, while XRCC1-containing foci associated with SSBR are formed both in eu- and heterochromatin domains, BER complexes are assembled in patches that are essentially excluded from heterochromatin and where the oxidized bases are detected

    Long-term (1998–2010) large-scale comparison of the ecological quality status of gulf of lions (NW Mediterranean) benthic habitats

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    12 pĂĄginas, 4 tablas, 8 figuras.A comprehensive Mediterranean data set has been used to address 3 questions associated with the use of sensitivity/tolerance based biotic indices to infer the Ecological Quality status (EcoQs) of benthic habitats. Our results showed: (1) a significant effect of the reference database on derived sensitivity/tolerance measure (ES500.05) as well as associated Benthic Quality Index values and derived EcoQs; (2) a lack of correlation neither between BQI and AZTI Marine Biotic Index values nor between BQI and Multivariate-AZTI Marine Biotic Index values; (3) a lack of correlation between the values of the Benthic Habitat Quality Index (index derived from Sediment Profile Imagery) and those of either of the 3 tested biotic indices; and (4) a general agreement between the 3 tested biotic indices in describing the lack of global trend for the EcoQs of the Gulf of Lions despite the occurrence of significant changes in benthic macrofauna composition between 1998 and 2010.This study has been carried out with financial support from the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the frame of the Investments for the future Programme, within the Cluster of Excellence COTE (ANR-10-LABX-45).Peer reviewe

    Continuous Histone Replacement by Hira Is Essential for Normal Transcriptional Regulation and De Novo DNA Methylation during Mouse Oogenesis.

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    The integrity of chromatin, which provides a dynamic template for all DNA-related processes in eukaryotes, is maintained through replication-dependent and -independent assembly pathways. To address the role of histone deposition in the absence of DNA replication, we deleted the H3.3 chaperone Hira in developing mouse oocytes. We show that chromatin of non-replicative developing oocytes is dynamic and that lack of continuous H3.3/H4 deposition alters chromatin structure, resulting in increased DNase I sensitivity, the accumulation of DNA damage, and a severe fertility phenotype. On the molecular level, abnormal chromatin structure leads to a dramatic decrease in the dynamic range of gene expression, the appearance of spurious transcripts, and inefficient de novo DNA methylation. Our study thus unequivocally shows the importance of continuous histone replacement and chromatin homeostasis for transcriptional regulation and normal developmental progression in a non-replicative system in vivo

    Oxidative stress triggers the preferential assembly of base excision repair complexes on open chromatin regions

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    How DNA repair machineries detect and access, within the context of chromatin, lesions inducing little or no distortion of the DNA structure is a poorly understood process. Removal of oxidized bases is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognises and excises the damaged base, initiating the base excision repair (BER) pathway. We show that upon induction of 8-oxoguanine, a mutagenic product of guanine oxidation, the mammalian 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase OGG1 is recruited together with other proteins involved in BER to euchromatin regions rich in RNA and RNA polymerase II and completely excluded from heterochromatin. The underlying mechanism does not require direct interaction of the protein with the oxidized base, however, the release of the protein from the chromatin fraction requires completion of repair. Inducing chromatin compaction by sucrose results in a complete but reversible inhibition of the in vivo repair of 8-oxoguanine. We conclude that after induction of oxidative DNA damage, the DNA glycosylase is actively recruited to regions of open chromatin allowing the access of the BER machinery to the lesions, suggesting preferential repair of active chromosome regions

    Les étapes initiales du mécanisme de réparation par excision de bases au sein de l'architecture nucléaire

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    Les lĂ©sions de l ADN induites aprĂšs stress oxydant sont une cause majeure d instabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique. La 8oxoguanine (8oxoG), produit d oxydation de la guanine frĂ©quemment induite aprĂšs stress oxydant, est prise en charge par l ADN-glycosylase OGG1. Cette enzyme initie la voie de rĂ©paration par excision de bases (BER) aprĂšs reconnaissance et excision de la 8oxoG. Nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  comprendre comment et oĂč OGG1 trouve son substrat parmi la majoritĂ© de bases normales, au sein du noyau. Nous avons mis en Ă©vidence la relocalisation d OGG1 en rĂ©ponse au stress d une fraction nuclĂ©aire soluble vers l euchromatine, rĂ©gion comprenant les gĂšnes actifs. Avec d autres protĂ©ines du BER, les foyers formĂ©s jouent un rĂŽle dans la rĂ©paration des 8oxoG bien que la reconnaissance directe de la lĂ©sion ne soit pas Ă  l origine de leur formation. L Ă©tat condensĂ© de la chromatine inhibe la rĂ©paration des 8oxoG, suggĂ©rant la nĂ©cessitĂ© d une chromatine ouverte pour une rĂ©paration efficace des lĂ©sions par BER.PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF
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