DINÂMICA DA VEGETAÇÃO EM UM FRAGMENTO DE MATA ATLÂNTICA NO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509817442To test the hypothesis that the physiognomy, structure and dynamics of woody species are influenced by the spatial gradient edge-interior, data were collected from these parameters in 2004, 2007 and 2010 in an Atlantic forest fragment. Species were sampled for the Canopy (DS), with circumference > 15 cm to 1.3 m MARTÍNEZ-soil and understory (SB) in circumference between ground level> 3 cm and CAP 150 m from the forest boundary), and analyzed 1,000 m² per site, divided into plots of 10 m², to measure individuals of higher class. In each plot a sub-plot of 5 m² for sampling understory was installed. Branches were collected from three adult individuals from the species to obtain the density of the wood. The number of individuals (NI), basal area (BA), mortality (TM), recruitment rate (TR), periodic annual diameter increment (IPA), loss rate (P) and gain rate (G) Area and basal turnover rates in number of individuals (TN) and basal area (TA) class tree component in the three locations showed no significant edge effect. At the edge, the understory had lower values of NI and AB and higher TM than in the forest interior. Differences between the strata occur regardless of edge sealing, since young plants present in most individuals in the sample class SB, which are more sensitive than adult trees to changes caused by the creation of the edge. Rates of loss and gain of AB and AB turnover in NI and in SB presented higher values than on the DS, which points to a stratum with larger changes. In DS there were no differences in species richness among environments differs from that observed in SB. The floristic composition of the DS in environments closer to the forest limit was quite distinct from that of the interior, indicating that there has been no recovery of floristic composition. All environments SB had low similarity. The edges of the DS and SB had a higher concentration of individuals in class intervals smaller density values timber. The DS has already recovered biomass, although the edge and intermediate environments have not recovered species composition late. The SB still suffers the edge effect. Possibly, the highest concentration of individuals is in class with lower density wood result on edge.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509817442Para testar a hipótese que a fisionomia, estrutura e dinâmica de espécies lenhosas são influenciadas pelogradiente espacial borda-interior, foram coletados dados desses parâmetros em 2004, 2007 e 2010 em umfragmento de Floresta Atlântica. Foram amostradas para o Dossel (DS), plantas com circunferência docaule a altura do peito (CAP) > 15 cm e do sub-bosque (SB) com circunferência ao nível do solo entre >3 cm e CAP 150 m do limite florestal), sendo analisados 1000m² por local, divididos em parcelas de 10 m², para medir os indivíduos de maior classe. Em cada parcelafoi instalada uma subparcela de 5 m² para amostragem do sub-bosque. Foram recolhidos ramos de trêsindivíduos adultos das espécies, para obtenção da densidade da madeira. O número de indivíduos (NI), áreabasal (AB), taxa de mortalidade (TM), taxa de recrutamento (TR), incremento periódico anual em diâmetro(IPA), taxa de perda (P) e ganho (G) de área basal e as taxas de rotatividade em número de indivíduos (TN)e em área basal (TA) da classe do componente arbóreo nos três locais evidenciaram não haver efeito deborda significativo. Na borda, o sub-bosque teve menores valores de NI e AB e maiores TM, que no interiordo fragmento. Diferenças entre os estratos acontecem, independentemente do selamento da borda, já queplantas jovens na maior classe amostral apresentam indivíduos no SB, que são mais sensíveis que as árvoresadultas às mudanças causadas pela criação da borda. Taxas de perda e ganho de AB e de rotatividade em NI eAB, no SB, apresentaram valores maiores que no DS, o que aponta para um estrato com maiores mudanças.No DS não ocorreram diferenças de riqueza de espécies entre os ambientes, distinto do observado no SB.A composição florística no DS nos ambientes mais próximos ao limite florestal foi bastante distinta que ado interior, indicando que ainda não houve recuperação da composição florística. Todos os ambientes doSB tiveram baixa similaridade. As bordas do DS e SB apresentaram maior concentração de indivíduos emintervalos de classe de menores valores de densidade de madeira. O DS já recuperou a biomassa, embora osambientes de borda e intermediário não tenham recuperado a composição de espécies tardias. O SB aindasofre efeito de borda. Possivelmente, a maior concentração de indivíduos em classe de menor densidade damadeira sendo resultado na borda

DYNAMICS OF VEGETATION IN AN ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENT IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Para testar a hip\uf3tese que a fisionomia, estrutura e din\ue2mica de esp\ue9cies lenhosas s\ue3o influenciadas pelo gradiente espacial borda-interior, foram coletados dados desses par\ue2metros em 2004, 2007 e 2010 em um fragmento de Floresta Atl\ue2ntica. Foram amostradas para o Dossel (DS), plantas com circunfer\ueancia do caule a altura do peito (CAP) > 15 cm e do sub-bosque (SB) com circunfer\ueancia ao n\uedvel do solo entre > 3 cm e CAP < 15 cm em um gradiente borda-interior formado h\ue1 35 anos. Em 2004, foram avaliadas tr\ueas posi\ue7\uf5es no fragmento: borda, intermedi\ue1ria e interior (> 150 m do limite florestal), sendo analisados 1000 m\ub2 por local, divididos em parcelas de 10 m\ub2, para medir os indiv\uedduos de maior classe. Em cada parcela foi instalada uma subparcela de 5 m\ub2 para amostragem do sub-bosque. Foram recolhidos ramos de tr\ueas indiv\uedduos adultos das esp\ue9cies, para obten\ue7\ue3o da densidade da madeira. O n\ufamero de indiv\uedduos (NI), \ue1rea basal (AB), taxa de mortalidade (TM), taxa de recrutamento (TR), incremento peri\uf3dico anual em di\ue2metro (IPA), taxa de perda (P) e ganho (G) de \ue1rea basal e as taxas de rotatividade em n\ufamero de indiv\uedduos (TN) e em \ue1rea basal (TA) da classe do componente arb\uf3reo nos tr\ueas locais evidenciaram n\ue3o haver efeito de borda significativo. Na borda, o sub-bosque teve menores valores de NI e AB e maiores TM, que no interior do fragmento. Diferen\ue7as entre os estratos acontecem, independentemente do selamento da borda, j\ue1 que plantas jovens na maior classe amostral apresentam indiv\uedduos no SB, que s\ue3o mais sens\uedveis que as \ue1rvores adultas \ue0s mudan\ue7as causadas pela cria\ue7\ue3o da borda. Taxas de perda e ganho de AB e de rotatividade em NI e AB, no SB, apresentaram valores maiores que no DS, o que aponta para um estrato com maiores mudan\ue7as. No DS n\ue3o ocorreram diferen\ue7as de riqueza de esp\ue9cies entre os ambientes, distinto do observado no SB. A composi\ue7\ue3o flor\uedstica no DS nos ambientes mais pr\uf3ximos ao limite florestal foi bastante distinta que a do interior, indicando que ainda n\ue3o houve recupera\ue7\ue3o da composi\ue7\ue3o flor\uedstica. Todos os ambientes do SB tiveram baixa similaridade. As bordas do DS e SB apresentaram maior concentra\ue7\ue3o de indiv\uedduos em intervalos de classe de menores valores de densidade de madeira. O DS j\ue1 recuperou a biomassa, embora os ambientes de borda e intermedi\ue1rio n\ue3o tenham recuperado a composi\ue7\ue3o de esp\ue9cies tardias. O SB ainda sofre efeito de borda. Possivelmente, a maior concentra\ue7\ue3o de indiv\uedduos em classe de menor densidade da madeira sendo resultado na borda.To test the hypothesis that the physiognomy, structure and dynamics of woody species are influenced by the spatial gradient edge-interior, data were collected from these parameters in 2004, 2007 and 2010 in an Atlantic forest fragment. Species were sampled for the Canopy (DS), with circumference > 15 cm to 1.3 m soil and understory (SB) in circumference between ground level> 3 cm and CAP <15 cm on edge-gradient formed within 35 years. In 2004, we assessed three positions in the fragment: edge, intermediate and inner (> 150 m from the forest boundary), and analyzed 1,000 m\ub2 per site, divided into plots of 10 m\ub2, to measure individuals of higher class. In each plot a sub-plot of 5 m\ub2 for sampling understory was installed. Branches were collected from three adult individuals from the species to obtain the density of the wood. The number of individuals (NI), basal area (BA), mortality (TM), recruitment rate (TR), periodic annual diameter increment (IPA), loss rate (P) and gain rate (G) Area and basal turnover rates in number of individuals (TN) and basal area (TA) class tree component in the three locations showed no significant edge effect. At the edge, the understory had lower values of NI and AB and higher TM than in the forest interior. Differences between the strata occur regardless of edge sealing, since young plants present in most individuals in the sample class SB, which are more sensitive than adult trees to changes caused by the creation of the edge. Rates of loss and gain of AB and AB turnover in NI and in SB presented higher values than on the DS, which points to a stratum with larger changes. In DS there were no differences in species richness among environments differs from that observed in SB. The floristic composition of the DS in environments closer to the forest limit was quite distinct from that of the interior, indicating that there has been no recovery of floristic composition. All environments SB had low similarity. The edges of the DS and SB had a higher concentration of individuals in class intervals smaller density values timber. The DS has already recovered biomass, although the edge and intermediate environments have not recovered species composition late. The SB still suffers the edge effect. Possibly, the highest concentration of individuals is in class with lower density wood result on edge

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Dinâmica da vegetação de um fragmento de mata atlântica nordestina.

São apresentados dados de 2004, 2007 e 2010 sobre fisionomia, dinâmica, diversidade, composição de espécies e densidade da madeira de plantas do dossel (DO, com CAP > 15cm), e sub-bosque (SB, com circunferência ao nível do solo entre > 3cm e CAP 15 cm) and understory (UN, with a circumference at ground level between > 3cm and CAP <15cm) in a gradient edge-interior formed at 35 years in an Atlantic Forest fragment, Igarassu, PE. In 2004, three environments were evaluated: edge (0-50m), intermediate (50-100m) and interior (more than 150m from the tree line), and analyzed by environment of 1000 m², divided into plots of 10 × 10m, to measure the CA individuals. In each plot was plotted a subplot of 5 × 5m for the UN sample. In 2010 branches were collected from three adult individuals of the species for the collection of sample disks. The number of individuals (NI), basal area (BA) and demographic rates in the three environments the CA showed no edge effect or if there was, since the edge is sealed. In UN the edge had lower values of NI and BA demographic rates and higher than the inside. Differences between strata occur, regardless of sealing the border, as the young plants that are still in UN are more sensitive than the trees of the CA, the changes caused by the creation of the border. Rates of loss and gain of BA and BA rotation in NI and UN showed higher values than in the CA, which points to a stratum with major changes. In CA there were no differences in species richness between environments, distinct from that observed in UN. The composition in CA environments closer to the tree line were very similar and distinct from the interior, indicating that there has been no recovery in all environments while the composition of the UN had low similarity. The edges of CA and UN showed higher concentration of individuals at intervals of class values lower density wood. It can be concluded that the CA has regained biomass, although the edge and have not recovered to intermediate composition. The UN also suffer from edge effect. If we consider that the environment had more edge classes of individuals in wood density of less value and that there is an inverse relationship between wood density and mortality rates / annual periodic increment in diameter can be assumed that the different composition of the edge would be result of the increased mortality of species of lower density wood.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on the Myostatin Pathway and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Different Skeletal Muscles of Resistance-Trained Rats

Creatine has been used to maximize resistance training effects on skeletal muscles, including muscle hypertrophy and fiber type changes. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of creatine supplementation on the myostatin pathway and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in the slow- and fast-twitch muscles of resistance-trained rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a sedentary control (Cc), sedentary creatine supplementation (Cr), resistance training (Tc), and resistance training combined with creatine supplementation (Tcr). Cc and Tc received standard commercial chow; Cr and Tcr received a 2% creatine-supplemented diet. Tc and Tcr performed a resistance training protocol on a ladder for 12 weeks. Morphology, MyHC isoforms, myostatin, follistatin, and ActRIIB protein expressions were analyzed in soleus and white gastrocnemius portion samples. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Tc and Tcr exhibited higher performance than their control counterparts. Resistance training increased the ratio between muscle and body weight, the cross-sectional area, as well as the interstitial collagen fraction. Resistance training alone increased MyHC IIx and follistatin while reducing myostatin (p p = 0.040) expressions in the gastrocnemius. Resistance training induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and interstitial remodeling, which are more evident in the gastrocnemius muscle. The effects were not impacted by creatine supplementation