Résister au pouvoir royal dans l’Auvergne du xiiie siècle

Alors que la construction du domaine royal, en France, a longtemps été analysée à travers le filtre de la genèse de l’unité et de l’identité du territoire français, les recherches actuelles, ouvertes à l’anthropologie et à la sociologie, questionnent de façon plus précise les réactions des dominés, leurs stratégies de contestation et l’acceptation de la sujétion. En se référant aux études récentes sur l’implantation française dans le Midi, les pages qui suivent se proposent de rouvrir un chap..

Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera, Stratiomyidae), nova tujerodna invazivna vrsta v Sloveniji

The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) was for the first time recorded in August 2009 for the territories of Slovenia. In 2010, the black soldier fly was found on several places in the coastal region of Primorska and in Ljubljana. The way of introduction and possible effects to other species are discussed.Muha vrste Hermetia illucens je bila na ozemlju Slovenije prvič najdena v avgustu l. 2009. Leta 2010 smo jo našli na več krajih obalnega dela Primorske in v Ljubljani. Razpravljava o načinu vnosa in možnih vplivih na druge vrste

Variability and spectral modeling of the hard X-ray emission of GX 339-4 in a bright low/hard state

We study the high-energy emission of the Galactic black hole candidate GX 339-4 using INTEGRAL/SPI and simultaneous RXTE/PCA data. By the end of January 2007, when it reached its peak luminosity in hard X-rays, the source was in a bright hard state. The SPI data from this period show a good signal to noise ratio, allowing a detailed study of the spectral energy distribution up to several hundred keV. As a main result, we report on the detection of a variable hard spectral feature (>150 keV) which represents a significant excess with respect to the cutoff power law shape of the spectrum. The SPI data suggest that the intensity of this feature is positively correlated with the 25 - 50 keV luminosity of the source and the associated variability time scale is shorter than 7 hours. The simultaneous PCA data, however, show no significant change in the spectral shape, indicating that the source is not undergoing a canonical state transition. We analyzed the broad band spectra in the lights of several physical models, assuming different heating mechanisms and properties of the Comptonizing plasma. For the first time, we performed quantitative model fitting with the new versatile Comptonization code BELM, accounting self-consistently for the presence of a magnetic field. We show that a magnetized medium subject to pure non-thermal electron acceleration provides a framework for a physically consistent interpretation of the observed 4 - 500 keV emission. Moreover, we find that the spectral variability might be triggered by the variations of only one physical parameter, namely the magnetic field strength. Therefore, it appears that the magnetic field is likely to be a key parameter in the production of the Comptonized hard X-ray emission.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, uses emulateApj.cls, accepted for publication in Ap

Basse et Haute-Auvergne : contribution à l’histoire d’une différenciation

Plusieurs indices attestent d’une différenciation de la partie méridionale de l’Auvergne à la charnière des XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Les compartimentages de l’espace étudié dus au relief expliquent en partie cette distinction. C’est d’ailleurs un terme géographique, celui de « montagne », qui sert à qualifier, dès le XIIIe siècle, la région couvrant les trois archiprêtrés de Saint-Flour, Aurillac et Mauriac et correspondant aux deux tiers environ de l’actuel département du Cantal. Mais les contraintes géomorphologiques ne peuvent seules rendre compte des orientations opposées de la Haute- et de la Basse-Auvergne durant le Moyen Âge. La mobilisation des apports de l’analyse des flux éclaire l’histoire de la construction de cette différenciation.Deux grands types de flux sont ici étudiés : les flux entre l’aristocratie locale et les autres principautés du moment par les mariages et les carrières ecclésiastiques, d’une part ; la diffusion de l’architecture royale, d’autre part.There is evidence of an individuation of the southern part of Auvergne at the turn of the 14th century. Physical relief explains this distinction in part. It is a geographical term, that of “mountain,” beginning in the 13th century serves to qualify the region extending across the three archpriests of Saint-Flour, Aurillac, and Mauriac, an area which corresponds to today’s department of the Cantal. But geological constraints alone cannot explain the opposing orientations of upper and lower Auvergne. The use of the contributions made by analyses of flows sheds light on the history of the construction of this distinction.Two main types of flows are studied: first, flows between the local aristocracy and other principalities of the moment through marriages and ecclesiastical careers; second, the diffusion of royal architecture

Isotopic ordering in eggshells reflects body temperatures and suggests differing thermophysiology in two Cretaceous dinosaurs

Our understanding of the evolutionary transitions leading to the modern endothermic state of birds and mammals is incomplete, partly because tools available to study the thermophysiology of extinct vertebrates are limited. Here we show that clumped isotope analysis of eggshells can be used to determine body temperatures of females during periods of ovulation. Late Cretaceous titanosaurid eggshells yield temperatures similar to large modern endotherms. In contrast, oviraptorid eggshells yield temperatures lower than most modern endotherms but ~6 °C higher than co-occurring abiogenic carbonates, implying that this taxon did not have thermoregulation comparable to modern birds, but was able to elevate its body temperature above environmental temperatures. Therefore, we observe no strong evidence for end-member ectothermy or endothermy in the species examined. Body temperatures for these two species indicate that variable thermoregulation likely existed among the non-avian dinosaurs and that not all dinosaurs had body temperatures in the range of that seen in modern birds

The Molluscan Fauna of the Florida Middle Grounds with Comments on its Zoogeographical Affinities

Recent studies have indicated that the Gulf of Mexico is bounded by a discontinual series of hard substrates which support faunal and floral assemblages of both temperate and tropical origins. This substrate distribution has had a significant impact on molluscan fauna in the Gulf of Mexico. An investigation of the molluscan fauna of the Florida Middle Grounds has produced 75 species associated with this high relief substrate which is also characterized by hermatypic corals. Although the molluscan fauna is comprised of forms which are predominantly Caribbean eurythermic and Caribbean Restricted (76%) which is similar in composition to the West Flower Garden Bank of Texas, their species composition is quite dissimilar (only 23% similarity). For these and other reasons, it is proposed that the zoogeographic status of the Gulf of Mexico should be seriously reconsidered by specialists in other faunal groups

Direct Speech in the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles : A Linguistic Analysis

The fifteenth-century collection of short stories entitled Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles is notorious for offering a reproduction singulièrement habile [...] de la langue alors parlée (Paris 1913). The present article proposes a linguistic analysis of spoken language as portrayed in MS Glasgow Hunter 252, the only extant manuscript copy of the collection. Consideration is firstly given to a number of noteworthy syntactic constructions, which cross-comparison with the electronic corpus Frantext Moyen Français (218 texts dated between 1330 and 1500) shows to be exceptionally attested. The use of these constructions may stem from the author’s noted efforts at conversational realism. The article then focuses on the dialectological evidence found at the phono-graphematic, morpho-graphematic and lexical levels, with particular attention to possible instances of linguistic stereotyping

Le Genévrier thurifère, espèce partagée au nord et au sud de la Méditerranée

Le 4e colloque sur le Genévrier thurifère (octobre 2011), a été l’occasion de partager les connaissances, les expériences et les avancées scientifiques sur cette espèce partagée au Sud et au Nord de la Méditerranée... Une approche pluridisciplinaire, des sciences humaines et sociales aux sciences biologiques… et médicales a permis de montrer les relations très fortes que cet arbre entretient, depuis des siècles, avec l’Homme, mais aussi la confrontation entre des préoccupations de gestion et des préoccupations de recherche plus fondamentales. Cet article est la synthèse du colloque

Dalfin d'Alvergne: edizione critica e commento

Eleven poems in old Occitan attributed to the lord and troubadour Dalfin d’Alvergne (…1167-1235), Count of Clermont and Montferrand, have been passed down to us. They are: two political sirventes, directed to Richard the Lionheart (BEdT 119.8) and to Robert, bishop of Clermont (119.9); two sirventes joglarescs (119.3 and 119.7); three partimens discussing matters of love, two with Peirol (119.2 and 366.30) and one with Perdigon (119.6); an exchange of sirventes with the theme of a partimen with Baussan (448.1a-119.1-448.1); three coblas, against Peire Pelissier (119.1a), Bertran de la Tor (119.5) and, again, against Robert bishop of Clermont (119.4). Dalfin d’Alvergne participated actively in the political events of his time. In particular, he took part in the wars between the kings of France and of England, and to local conflicts connected to those international hostilities. Several archival documents about this lord are preserved, which allow us to reconstruct and study his life. Dalfin’s life is strictly connected to his poetry, being its cause and catalyzer. The main characteristic of his poetry is its dialogical nature. His court, whose center was Montferrand, was one of the most important gathering points and places of production for the troubadours between the end of the XII and the beginning of the XIII century. It drew poets like Peirol, Perdigon, Gaucelm Faidit, Giraut de Borneil, Guiraudo lo Ros, Uc de la Bacalaria, Uc de Saint Circ. It had a fundamental role in the creation and in the diffusion of the genre of the partimen. As a patron, Dalfin d’Alvergne is often praised by the poets with whom he had connections, as a master, teacher and protector of the courtly values, and as an expert in love and poetry. This image propagates out of the limits of his countship. It found its apogee in the nova Abril issi’e mays intrava by the Catalan poet Raimon Vidal de Besalú, and reaches vastly different environments, allowing him to be a character in two Latin exampla by the Dominican Étienne de Bourbon. Dalfin is a capable poet. He discusses various topics, from satire against jongleurs to the debate on the preeminence of nobility of blood or of heart (supporting the latter). Dalfin is proficient with words and metrics, and many times he opts for original and interesting solutions. Particularly notable from this point of view are the two sirventes joglarescs, which use difficult and uncommon rhymes and are rich of infrequent terms pertaining to low and day-to-day language, oftentimes hapax. Despite the several points of interest, Dalfin’s figure and works have been quite neglected by the scholars. To date, there is no complete edition of his poems, except for E. M. Brackney’s unpublished Ph.D. thesis, A critical edition of the poems of Dalfin d’Alvernhe, University of Minnesota, 1936. For this reason, a new edition of the troubadour-Lord was necessary. The present edition of the texts is based on the direct reading of the manuscripts and on an attentive exam of the whole tradition, both from the point of view of the internal and external critique. Every text is opened by an introduction containing indication of the codices and of the previous editions, metrical information, a discussion of the tradition and an analysis of the content and the form of each poem. The texts are accompanied by a double apparatus (for variants of content and of form), by an Italian translation and by notes that are philological, linguistic, or related to the content. A glossary closes the edition