52 research outputs found
The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure
Purpose:
The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and validation of a multi-dimensional instrument to measure servant leadership.
Design/Methodology/Approach
Based on an extensive literature review and expert judgment, 99 items were formulated. In three steps, using eight samples totaling 1571 persons from The Netherlands and the UK with a diverse occupational background, a combined exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis approach was used. This was followed by an analysis of the criterion-related validity.
Findings:
The final result is an eight-dimensional measure of 30 items: the eight dimensions being: standing back, forgiveness, courage, empowerment, accountability, authenticity, humility, and stewardship. The internal consistency of the subscales is good. The results show that the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) has convergent validity with other leadership measures, and also adds unique elements to the leadership field. Evidence for criterion-related validity came from studies relating the eight dimensions to well-being and performance.
Implications:
With this survey, a valid and reliable instrument to measure the essential elements of servant leadership has been introduced.
Originality/Value
The SLS is the first measure where the underlying factor structure was developed and confirmed across several field studies in two countries. It can be used in future studies to test the underlying premises of servant leadership theory. The SLS provides a clear picture of the key servant leadership qualities and shows where improvements can be made on the individual and organizational level; as such, it may also offer a valuable starting point for training and leadership development
International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis
Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICARâRS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICARâRSâ2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidenceâbased findings of the document. Methods: ICARâRS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidenceâbased reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidenceâbased reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICARâRSâ2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidenceâbased management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICARâRSâ2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidenceâbased recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS
Apresentação das lesĂ”es mamĂĄrias cĂsticas Ă ultra-sonografia utilizando a elastografia Features of cystic breast lesions at ultrasound elastography
OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a apresentação mais freqĂŒente das lesĂ”es mamĂĄrias cĂsticas utilizando a elastografia e discutir a sua aplicabilidade. MATERIAIS E MĂTODOS: A casuĂstica compĂŽs-se de 150 pacientes encaminhadas para realização de biĂłpsia mamĂĄria percutĂąnea com 175 lesĂ”es. Foram excluĂdas as lesĂ”es com diagnĂłstico histolĂłgico de lesĂ”es sĂłlidas (153 lesĂ”es) e incluĂdas as lesĂ”es com caracterĂsticas cĂsticas Ă histologia (22 lesĂ”es), incluindo cistos complicados, lesĂ”es papilĂferas, lesĂ”es inflamatĂłrias, hiperplasia de cĂ©lulas colunares tĂpica e ectasia ductal. Estas lesĂ”es foram classificadas de forma retrospectiva por meio da elastografia, conforme escores criados pelos autores, variando de 1 a 4. RESULTADOS: Das 22 lesĂ”es encaminhadas, 13 (59%) correspondiam a cistos, uma (4,6%) a ectasia ductal, duas (9,2%) a lesĂ”es inflamatĂłrias, cinco (22,6%) a lesĂ”es papilĂferas e uma (4,6%) a hiperplasia de cĂ©lulas colunares. Foram encontrados 17 escores 2, quatro escores 3, um escore 4 e nenhum escore 1, com especificidade de 95%. CONCLUSĂO: As lesĂ”es cĂsticas mamĂĄrias tĂȘm diferentes apresentaçÔes Ă elastografia, conforme o resultado histolĂłgico, sendo este um mĂ©todo Ăștil para a sua diferenciação e de fĂĄcil aplicabilidade na clĂnica diĂĄria.<br>OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the most frequent features of cystic breast lesions at ultrasound elastography, discussing the applicability of this method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present casuistic included 150 patients referred for percutaneous breast biopsy of 175 lesions. Histologically diagnosed solid lesions (153 lesions) were excluded; lesions histologically diagnosed as cystic (22 lesions), including complicated cysts, papillary lesions, inflammatory lesions, typical columnar cell hyperplasia and duct ectasia were retrospectively classified by means of elastography, according to a scoring system developed by the authors, with categories ranging between 1 and 4. RESULTS: Thirteen (59%) of the 22 lesions evaluated corresponded to cysts, one (4.6%) to duct ectasia, two (9.2%) to inflammatory lesions, five (22.6%) to papillary lesions, and one (4.6%) to columnar cell hyperplasia. The scoring system was applied with the following results: 17 category 2 lesions, four category 3 lesions, one category 4 lesion, and none category 1 lesion, with a 95% specificity. CONCLUSION: Different features of cystic breast lesions are demonstrated by elastography according to histological results, representing a useful and easily applicable method for differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions
- âŠ