Bilistick: A Low Cost Point-of-Care System to Measure Total Plasma Bilirubin

Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, with consequent encephalopathy, remains a common cause of morbidity and death in many regions of the world. Poor access to clinical laboratory resources and screening programs to measure plasma bilirubin levels is a major contributor to delayed treatment in developing countries, and the cost of existing point-of-care screening instruments precludes their dissemination. Bilistick is a minimally invasive method for measuring total bilirubin concentration over a wide range of values and should provide an affordable and accurate system for pre-discharge and follow-up screening of jaundiced infants, particularly in low-resource environments

A incidência de cirurgias na população de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil Incidence of surgery in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

Foi estudada a incidência de cirurgias na população residente em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo (Brasil), em 1975, em relação à idade, sexo, categoria de internação do paciente e tipo de internação cirúrgica, utilizando-se as informações coletadas por um Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares. Foram observadas elevadas taxas de cirurgias: 79,8/1000 no sexo feminino e 43,8/1000 no masculino. As intervenções obstétricas representaram 31,8% do total de operações realizadas; no sexo masculino as intervenções ortopédicas foram as de maior incidência. A proporção de internações com ocorrência de cirurgia foi mais elevada nos pacientes particulares. As operações ortopédicas e plásticas incidiram relativamente mais nos beneciários da Previdência Social e nos indigentes, enquanto que as otorrinológicas e urológicas foram proporcionalmente mais freqüentes nos pacientes particulares.<br>This paper reports on surgical rates as related to patient's ages sex and categories of hospitalization in the population of Ribeirão Preto, S. Paulo, Brazil. Data were obtained from a hospital information center. The surgical rate in Ribeirão Preto was similar to the highest rates reported in literature. Obstetric surgery accounted for 31.8% of all operations performed. Orthopedic operations were the most frequent kind of surgery performed on the male sex. Hospitalization with surgery was more frequent in the patients whose care was remunerated. The number of orthopedic and plastic surgical operations was greater in the case of Social Insurance and indigent patients, whereas otorrinological and urinary tract operations were more frequent in the case of paying patients

Statistical methods for the time-to-event analysis of individual participant data from multiple epidemiological studies

Background Meta-analysis of individual participant time-to-event data from multiple prospective epidemiological studies enables detailed investigation of exposure-risk relationships, but involves a number of analytical challenges. Methods This article describes statistical approaches adopted in the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, in which primary data from more than 1 million participants in more than 100 prospective studies have been collated to enable detailed analyses of various risk markers in relation to incident cardiovascular disease outcomes. Results Analyses have been principally based on Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified by sex, undertaken in each study separately. Estimates of exposure-risk relationships, initially unadjusted and then adjusted for several confounders, have been combined over studies using meta-analysis. Methods for assessing the shape of exposure-risk associations and the proportional hazards assumption have been developed. Estimates of interactions have also been combined using meta-analysis, keeping separate within-and between-study information. Regression dilution bias caused by measurement error and within-person variation in exposures and confounders has been addressed through the analysis of repeat measurements to estimate corrected regression coefficients. These methods are exemplified by analysis of plasma fibrinogen and risk of coronary heart disease, and Stata code is made available. Conclusion Increasing numbers of meta-analyses of individual participant data from observational data are being conducted to enhance the statistical power and detail of epidemiological studies. The statistical methods developed here can be used to address the needs of such analyses. © The Author 2010; all rights reserved

Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data.

This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability-for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples