Respuesta de la ahuyama (Curcubita maxima L.) a la fertilización con N, P, K y materia orgánica en el Valle del Cauca.

En un suelo de la serie Palmeras (PM) clasificado como Vertic ustropept del CNI Palmira, se realizó en 1986 una investigación para evaluar el efecto de la fertilización química y orgánica en el rendimiento del zapallo (Cucurbita maxima L.) variedad peruana. Se estudiaron 27 combinaciones de N-P-K (factorial) más 3 dosis de materia orgánica MO (gallinaza), en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 3 repeticiones. El P y K se aplicaron 8 días después de la siembra, el N y la MO fraccionadas, en 2 aplicaciones iguales, 8 y 30 días después de la siembra. Los niveles de cada nutriente, en kg/ha, fueron: 0, 25 y 50 de N, 0, 50 y 100 de oxido fosfórico, 0, 25 y 50 kg/ha de oxido de potasio y 2.5, 5.0 y 7.5 t/ha de gallinaza. Hubo diferencias de 19.78 y 19.71 t/ha entre los 2 rendimientos más altos, correspondientes a los tratamientos 50-100-25 y 50-50-25, en su orden y el rendimiento más bajo (25-100-50). Respecto al testigo absoluto se observaron incrementos en rendimiento de 15.03 y 14.83 por ciento, respectivamente. Con las aplicaciones individuales la principal respuesta se obtuvo con 50 kg/ha de oxido fosfórico, para un incremento en rendimiento de 7.4 por ciento con relación al testigo absoluto, el K, en dosis de 25 y 50 kg/ha oxido de potasio, disminuyó el rendimiento en 34 y 22.3 por ciento, respectivamente. Los tratamientos con MO aumentaron el rendimiento en 126, 131 y 105 por ciento, respectivamente, usando dosis de 2.5, 5.0 y 7.5 t/ha de gallinaza. El mayor número de frutos comerciales se obtuvo con aplicaciones de 50-100-25 kg/ha de N, P O y K O, respectivamente. El tratamiento 25-50-25 t/ha de gallinaza, kg P O /ha y kg K O/ha respectivamente, produjo el más alto peso promedio de frutos. El mayor número de flores femeninas (43.3 y 39.3) se consiguió aplicando 5 t/ha de gallinaza, más 50-25 kg/ha de P O y K O y 50-50-25 kg/ha de N, P O y K su orden.;Las relaciones flor femenina-flormasculina más altas (4.76 y 3.88) se obtuvieron con la aplicación de 100 kg/ha de P O y 25-50-0 kg/ha de N, P O y K. Para agricultores con suficiente capital se recomienda el tratamiento 50-50-25 kg/ha de N, P O y K O por presentar: tasa alta de retorno marginal (TRM), mayor beneficio neto, y consistencia a las fluctuaciones de precios de los insumos. Para cultivadores de escasos recursos se recomiendan los tratamientos 25-0-25 y 0-50-0 kg/ha de N, P O y K O, con los cuales se obtiene una TRM alta, menores costos variables y consistencia a fluctuaciones de precios de los insumosAhuyama-Calabaza (cucúrbita), Cucurbita máxim

A Wavelength-Dependent Visible Light Communication Channel Model for Underground Environments and Its Performance Using a Color-Shift Keying Modulation Scheme

Reliable wireless communications are crucial for ensuring workers’ safety in underground tunnels and mines. Visible light communications (VLC) have been proposed as auxiliary systems for short-range wireless communications in underground environments due to their seamless availability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and illumination capabilities. Although multiple VLC channel models have been proposed for underground mines (UM) so far, none of these models have considered the wavelength dependence of the underground mining VLC channel (UM-VLC). In this paper, we propose a single-input, single-output (SISO), wavelength-dependent UM-VLC channel model considering the wavelength dependence of the light source, reflections, light scattering, and the attenuation due to dust and the photodetector. Since wavelength dependence allows us to model VLC systems more accurately with color-based modulation, such as color-shift keying (CSK), we also propose a wavelength-dependent CSK-based UM-VLC channel model. We define a simulation scenario in an underground mine roadway and calculate the received power, channel impulse response (CIR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), root mean square (RMS) delay, and bit error rate (BER). For comparison, we also calculate these parameters for a monochromatic state-of-the-art UM-VLC channel and use it as a reference channel. We find that the inclusion of wavelength-dependency in CSK-based UM-VLC systems plays a significant role in their performance, introducing color distortion that the color calibration algorithm defined in the IEEE 802.15.7 VLC standard finds harder to revert than the linear color distortion induced by monochromatic CSK channels

Infected pancreatic necrosis: outcomes and clinical predictors of mortality. A post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study

: The identification of high-risk patients in the early stages of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is critical, because it could help the clinicians to adopt more effective management strategies. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study to assess the association between clinical risk factors and mortality among adult patients with IPN. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors of mortality. We identified 247 consecutive patients with IPN hospitalised between January 2019 and December 2020. History of uncontrolled arterial hypertension (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.135-15.882; aOR 4.245), qSOFA (p = 0.005; 95% CI 1.359-5.879; aOR 2.828), renal failure (p = 0.022; 95% CI 1.138-5.442; aOR 2.489), and haemodynamic failure (p = 0.018; 95% CI 1.184-5.978; aOR 2.661), were identified as independent predictors of mortality in IPN patients. Cholangitis (p = 0.003; 95% CI 1.598-9.930; aOR 3.983), abdominal compartment syndrome (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.090-6.967; aOR 2.735), and gastrointestinal/intra-abdominal bleeding (p = 0.009; 95% CI 1.286-5.712; aOR 2.710) were independently associated with the risk of mortality. Upfront open surgical necrosectomy was strongly associated with the risk of mortality (p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.912-7.442; aOR 3.772), whereas endoscopic drainage of pancreatic necrosis (p = 0.018; 95% CI 0.138-0.834; aOR 0.339) and enteral nutrition (p = 0.003; 95% CI 0.143-0.716; aOR 0.320) were found as protective factors. Organ failure, acute cholangitis, and upfront open surgical necrosectomy were the most significant predictors of mortality. Our study confirmed that, even in a subgroup of particularly ill patients such as those with IPN, upfront open surgery should be avoided as much as possible. Study protocol registered in ClinicalTrials.Gov (I.D. Number NCT04747990)

Capacity of Marine Microalga Tetraselmis suecica to Biodegrade Phenols in Aqueous Media

Phenolic compounds are toxic and dangerous to the environment and human health. Although the removal of phenols and their derivatives is very difficult, it has been achieved by applying some biological processes. The capacity of microalga to remove phenolic compounds has been demonstrated; however, few reports of the removal of these compounds in a mixture have been published. The removal of phenol, p-cresol and o-cresol was performed by batch kinetics at 50 and 100 mg L−1, and the simultaneous degradation of phenol, p-cresol and o-cresol was carried out in a mixture at 40 mg L−1 using the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica. The kinetic study was carried out for 192 h. For concentrations of 50 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1, phenolic compound consumption efficiencies greater than 100% and 85%, respectively, were obtained, and up to 73.6% removal in the mixture. The results obtained indicate that the marine microalga carries out a process of the oxidation of organic matter and phenolic compounds, mineralizing up to 31.4% to CO2 in the mixture. Biological treatments using the marine microalga T. suecica can be considered feasible to treat effluents with concentrations similar to those of the present study

Antibody responses to influenza viruses in paediatric patients and their contacts at the onset of the 2009 pandemic in Mexico

Introduction: On April 2009, the Mexican Ministry of Health received notification of cases of severe pneumonia mostly affecting young healthy people; this was the beginning of the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. The nature of the immune response to the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic strain in Mexico at the beginning of the pandemic outbreak has not been completely defined. We describe the serological response to the 2009 pandemic influenza virus in paediatric patients with influenza-like illness, their household contacts (HHCs), and exposed health-care workers (HCWs) at the beginning of the pandemic outbreak in Mexico City. Methodology: thirty pre-epidemic and 129 epidemic samples were collected and serum antibodies were measured against A(H1N1)2009 pandemic virus and two non-pandemic swine influenza viruses by an haemagglutination inhibition assay. Results: 91% (29/32) of the convalescence samples from confirmed patients had an antibody titre ≥ 10 (GMT 25), 63% (41/65) of the HHCs (GMT 12), 41% of HCWs (GMT 6) and 13% (4/30) of pre-epidemic samples (GMT 6) for the pandemic influenza virus. Of the 32 confirmed cases, 60% had an antibody titre ≥ 40 for the pandemic strain, 53% for the A/swine/Iowa(H1N1) virus (GMT 62) and 43% for the A/swine/Texas(H3N2) virus (GMT 66). Conclusion: The antibody response to 2009 pandemic influenza virus was widespread in convalescence samples from patients with confirmed pandemic influenza infection but the GMT was below the protective titre. There was no evidence that antibodies to the swine influenza viruses had cross-protective effect against the 2009 pandemic influenza virus.</p

Economic value of weather forecasting: the role of risk aversion

Information value, Cost–loss ratio, Decision models, Risk aversion, 90B, 91B,

Recurrent DNA inversion rearrangements in the human genome

Several lines of evidence suggest that reiterated sequences in the human genome are targets for nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR), which facilitates genomic rearrangements. We have used a PCR-based approach to identify breakpoint regions of rearranged structures in the human genome. In particular, we have identified intrachromosomal identical repeats that are located in reverse orientation, which may lead to chromosomal inversions. A bioinformatic workflow pathway to select appropriate regions for analysis was developed. Three such regions overlapping with known human genes, located on chromosomes 3, 15, and 19, were analyzed. The relative proportion of wild-type to rearranged structures was determined in DNA samples from blood obtained from different, unrelated individuals. The results obtained indicate that recurrent genomic rearrangements occur at relatively high frequency in somatic cells. Interestingly, the rearrangements studied were significantly more abundant in adults than in newborn individuals, suggesting that such DNA rearrangements might start to appear during embryogenesis or fetal life and continue to accumulate after birth. The relevance of our results in regard to human genomic variation is discussed

El bloque de poder contrainsurgente en Colombia y su papel en el resurgimiento de la derecha en América Latina

ABSTRACT Objective/context: This article presents an analysis of the rise, consolidation and transformation of the counterinsurgency power bloc in Colombia and its leading role in the resurgence of the right in Latin America over the past five years. More specifically, it examines the strategic alliance with the United States, the presence of the Andean country in multilateral settings and Colombia's position against the “Bolivarian Revolution” in Venezuela. Methodology: The research was guided by a historical-materialist theoretical framework, inspired mainly by the works of Nicos Poulantzas, Bob Jessop and Joachim Hirsch, based on the concepts of capitalist state and peripheral state. In the empirical-analytical portion on Colombia we work with the notions of strong oligarchical state and counterinsurgency power block, developed by Raul Zelik and Vilma Franco, respectively. Conclusions: The counterinsurgency power block in Colombia has played an important role in containing the progressive trend and the destabilization of regional integration gambits built on the margins of US hegemony. The counterinsurgency strategy in the region has managed to change the correlation of forces in favor of the regional right, leading to the decline and possible closure of the progressive cycle with the deepening of the crisis of the “Bolivarian Revolution” in Venezuela. Originality: Most studies on counterinsurgency in Colombia have focused on the role of the State and paramilitarism, and analyze the counterinsurgency struggle mainly at the national level. This article proposes a critical class perspective to understand counterinsurgency in Colombia and Latin America in the context of the progressive cycle and the resurgence of the right in the region during the last five years.RESUMO Objetivo/contexto: Este artigo apresenta uma análise da constituição, da consolidação e da transformação do bloco de poder contrainsurgente na Colômbia e seu papel protagonista no ressurgimento da direita na América Latina durante os últimos cinco anos. Em específico, o texto examina a parceria estratégica com os Estados Unidos, a presença do país andino nos cenários multilaterais e a postura da Colômbia diante da “Revolução Bolivariana” na Venezuela. Metodologia: Esta pesquisa foi orientada por um referencial teórico histórico-materialista, inspirada principalmente nas obras de Nicos Poulantzas, Bob Jessop e Joachim Hirsch, que está baseada nos conceitos “Estado capitalista” e “estatalidade periférica”. Na parte empírico-analítica sobre a Colômbia, trabalha-se com as noções “Estado oligárquico forte” e “bloco de poder contrainsurgente” desenvolvidos por Raul Zelik e Vilma Franco, respectivamente. Conclusões: O bloco de poder contrainsurgente na Colômbia tem desempenhado um papel importante de contenção à tendência progressista e de desestabilização de propostas de integração regional, construídas à margem da hegemonia estadunidense. A estratégia contrainsurgente na região tem conseguido mudar a correlação de forças a favor da direita regional, levando ao declínio e ao possível fechamento do ciclo progressista com o aprofundamento da crise da “Revolução Bolivariana” na Venezuela. Originalidade: A maioria dos estudos sobre a contrainsurgência na Colômbia se foca no papel do Estado e no paramilitarismo, e analisa a luta contrainsurgente principalmente no âmbito nacional. Este artigo propõe uma perspectiva crítica de classe para compreender a contrainsurgência tanto na Colômbia quanto na América Latina no contexto do ciclo progressista e no ressurgimento da direita na região durante os últimos cinco anos.RESUMEN Objetivo/contexto: El artículo presenta un análisis de la constitución, la consolidación y la transformación del bloque de poder contrainsurgente en Colombia y su papel protagónico en el resurgimiento de la derecha en América Latina durante los últimos cinco años. Más específicamente, el texto examina la alianza estratégica con los Estados Unidos, la presencia del país andino en los escenarios multilaterales y la postura de Colombia frente la “Revolución Bolivariana” en Venezuela. Metodología: La investigación fue orientada por un marco teórico histórico-materialista, inspirada principalmente en las obras de Nicos Poulantzas, Bob Jessop y Joachim Hirsch, que se basa en los conceptos Estado capitalista y estatalidad periférica. En la parte empírico-analítica sobre Colombia se trabaja con las nociones Estado oligárquico fuerte y bloque de poder contrainsurgente, desarrollados por Raul Zelik y Vilma Franco, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El bloque de poder contrainsurgente en Colombia ha jugado un importante rol de contención a la tendencia progresista y de desestabilización de apuestas de integración regional, construidas al margen de la hegemonía estadounidense. La estrategia contrainsurgente en la región ha logrado cambiar la correlación de fuerzas a favor de la derecha regional, llevando al declive y posible cierre del ciclo progresista con la profundización de la crisis de la “Revolución Bolivariana” en Venezuela. Originalidad: La mayoría de los estudios sobre la contrainsurgencia en Colombia se han enfocado en el papel del Estado y el paramilitarismo, y analizan la lucha contrainsurgente principalmente a nivel nacional. Este artículo propone una perspectiva crítica de clase para comprender la contrainsurgencia tanto en Colombia como en América Latina en el contexto del ciclo progresista y en el resurgimiento de la derecha en la región durante los últimos cinco años