330 research outputs found
Outcomes of TB/HIV co-infected patients presenting with antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury
Background. South Africa has a significant burden of tuberculosis (TB). Anti-TB drug-induced liver injury (TB DILI) is one of the most serious adverse events that can arise from TB treatment (TBT). There are limited data on TB DILI among HIV-infected patients and those on antiretroviral therapy (ART).Objective. To describe characteristics of HIV-infected patients presenting with TB DILI and the proportion reintroduced on standard or modified TBT after DILI.Methods. This was a retrospective study of TB/HIV co-infected patients with DILI between 1 July 2009 and 30 September 2012. The primary focus of interest was HIV-infected patients with TB DILI on ART (ART/TB DILI) v. not on ART (TB DILI).Results. A total of 94 patients were included, 41 with TB DILI and 53 with ART/TB DILI. Compared with patients with TB DILI, patients with ART/TB DILI were more likely to present with symptomatic DILI (71.2% v. 51.2%; p=0.03) and had a lower median alanine aminotransferase level at diagnosis (89 IU/L v. 118 IU/L; p=0.008), a lower rate of ALT decline (–23 IU/L v. –76 IU/L; p=0.047) and longer duration of TBT at DILI diagnosis (53 days v. 11 days; p<0.001). In 71.8% of patients, standard TBT was reintroduced. More patients with ART/TB DILI than TB DILI required modified TBT (37.2% v.17.1%; p=0.05; crude odds ratio 2.17; 95% confidence interval 0.95 - 4.96). The rate of death/loss to follow-up was higher in the ART/TB DILI group (18.9% v. 14.5%).Conclusion. A significant number of TB/HIV co-infected patients were not able to tolerate standard TBT. Furthermore, ART appears to complicate TBT, with relatively fewer patients reintroduced on standard TBT
Outcomes of TB/HIV co-infected patients presenting with antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury
Background. South Africa has a significant burden of tuberculosis (TB). Anti-TB drug-induced liver injury (TB DILI) is one of the most serious adverse events that can arise from TB treatment (TBT). There are limited data on TB DILI among HIV-infected patients and those on antiretroviral therapy (ART).Objective. To describe characteristics of HIV-infected patients presenting with TB DILI and the proportion reintroduced on standard or modified TBT after DILI.Methods. This was a retrospective study of TB/HIV co-infected patients with DILI between 1 July 2009 and 30 September 2012. The primary focus of interest was HIV-infected patients with TB DILI on ART (ART/TB DILI) v. not on ART (TB DILI).Results. A total of 94 patients were included, 41 with TB DILI and 53 with ART/TB DILI. Compared with patients with TB DILI, patients with ART/TB DILI were more likely to present with symptomatic DILI (71.2% v. 51.2%; p=0.03) and had a lower median alanine aminotransferase level at diagnosis (89 IU/L v. 118 IU/L; p=0.008), a lower rate of ALT decline (–23 IU/L v. –76 IU/L; p=0.047) and longer duration of TBT at DILI diagnosis (53 days v. 11 days; p<0.001). In 71.8% of patients, standard TBT was reintroduced. More patients with ART/TB DILI than TB DILI required modified TBT (37.2% v.17.1%; p=0.05; crude odds ratio 2.17; 95% confidence interval 0.95 - 4.96). The rate of death/loss to follow-up was higher in the ART/TB DILI group (18.9% v. 14.5%).Conclusion. A significant number of TB/HIV co-infected patients were not able to tolerate standard TBT. Furthermore, ART appears to complicate TBT, with relatively fewer patients reintroduced on standard TBT
Existence of solutions for a higher order non-local equation appearing in crack dynamics
In this paper, we prove the existence of non-negative solutions for a
non-local higher order degenerate parabolic equation arising in the modeling of
hydraulic fractures. The equation is similar to the well-known thin film
equation, but the Laplace operator is replaced by a Dirichlet-to-Neumann
operator, corresponding to the square root of the Laplace operator on a bounded
domain with Neumann boundary conditions (which can also be defined using the
periodic Hilbert transform). In our study, we have to deal with the usual
difficulty associated to higher order equations (e.g. lack of maximum
principle). However, there are important differences with, for instance, the
thin film equation: First, our equation is nonlocal; Also the natural energy
estimate is not as good as in the case of the thin film equation, and does not
yields, for instance, boundedness and continuity of the solutions (our case is
critical in dimension in that respect)
Implementation of drift velocities and currents in SOLEDGE2D-EIRENE
International audienceIn order to improve cross-field transport description, drifts and currents have been implemented in SOLEDGE2D-EIRENE. The derivation of an equation for the electric potential is recalled. The resolution of current equation is tested in a simple slab case. WEST divertor simulations in forward-B and reverse-B fields are also discussed. A significant increase of ExB shear is observed in the forward-B configuration that could explain a favorable L-H transition in this case
Singular Cucker-Smale Dynamics
The existing state of the art for singular models of flocking is overviewed,
starting from microscopic model of Cucker and Smale with singular communication
weight, through its mesoscopic mean-filed limit, up to the corresponding
macroscopic regime. For the microscopic Cucker-Smale (CS) model, the
collision-avoidance phenomenon is discussed, also in the presence of bonding
forces and the decentralized control. For the kinetic mean-field model, the
existence of global-in-time measure-valued solutions, with a special emphasis
on a weak atomic uniqueness of solutions is sketched. Ultimately, for the
macroscopic singular model, the summary of the existence results for the
Euler-type alignment system is provided, including existence of strong
solutions on one-dimensional torus, and the extension of this result to higher
dimensions upon restriction on the smallness of initial data. Additionally, the
pressureless Navier-Stokes-type system corresponding to particular choice of
alignment kernel is presented, and compared - analytically and numerically - to
the porous medium equation
Weak-strong uniqueness for the isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes system
We prove weak-strong uniqueness results for the isentropic compressible
Navier-Stokes system on the torus. In other words, we give conditions on a
strong solution so that it is unique in a class of weak solutions. Known
weak-strong uniqueness results are improved. Classical uniqueness results for
this equation follow naturally.Comment: 12 page
HIV and haematopoiesis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection not only leads to a compromised immune system, but also disrupts normal haematopoiesis, resulting in the frequent manifestation of cytopenias (anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia). Although there is a definite association between the severity of cytopenia and HIV disease stage, this relationship is not always linear. For example, cytopenias such as thrombocytopenia may occur during early stages of infection. The aetiology of these haematological abnormalities is complex and multifactorial, including drug-induced impaired haematopoiesis, bone marrow suppression due to infiltration of infectious agents or malignant cells, HIV-induced impaired haematopoiesis, and several other factors. In this review, we describe the frequencies of anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia reported for HIV-infected, treatment-naïve cohorts studied in eastern and southern sub-Saharan African countries. We present a rational approach for the use of diagnostic tests during the workup of HIV-infected patients presenting with cytopenia, and discuss how HIV impacts on haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) resulting in impaired haematopoiesis. Finally, we describe the direct and indirect effects of HIV on HSPCs which result in defective haematopoiesis leading to cytopenias
False-positive rifampicin resistance on Xpert® MTB/RIF: case report and clinical implications [Technical note]
The World Health Organization had endorsed Xpert® MTB/RIF (Xpert) as the initial diagnostic for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) or TB suspects co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. We investigated an unexpected case of rifampicin (RMP) resistance on Xpert using repeat Xpert, smear microscopy, MTBDRplus assay, culture, drug susceptibility testing, spoligotyping and rpoB gene sequencing. A false-positive result was most likely, given the wild type rpoB gene sequence and exclusion of both mixed infection and mixture of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant populations. When decentralising Xpert, test performance characteristics need to be understood by health care workers and methods of confirmation of RMP resistance need to be accessible
HIV and haematopoiesis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection not only leads to a compromised immune system, but also disrupts normal haematopoiesis,
resulting in the frequent manifestation of cytopenias (anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia). Although there is a definite association
between the severity of cytopenia and HIV disease stage, this relationship is not always linear. For example, cytopenias such as thrombocytopenia
may occur during early stages of infection. The aetiology of these haematological abnormalities is complex and multifactorial, including druginduced impaired haematopoiesis, bone marrow suppression due to infiltration of infectious agents or malignant cells, HIV-induced impaired
haematopoiesis, and several other factors. In this review, we describe the frequencies of anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia reported
for HIV-infected, treatment-naïve cohorts studied in eastern and southern sub-Saharan African countries. We present a rational approach
for the use of diagnostic tests during the workup of HIV-infected patients presenting with cytopenia, and discuss how HIV impacts on
haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) resulting in impaired haematopoiesis. Finally, we describe the direct and indirect effects of HIV
on HSPCs which result in defective haematopoiesis leading to cytopenias.http://www.samj.org.zapm2020HaematologyImmunolog
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