Breves reflexiones sobre el Derecho Procesal Constitucional con particular referencia al caso Peruano

These reflections, necessarily brief, try to offer our introductory overview of the subject, facing what is meant and, of course, expect that discipline in our midst. The have exposed countless times and over the years we have in the teaching life. This time, the present writing without any claim that is not offered by a simple opinion piece. The reader point to the relevance or otherwise of them.Las presentes reflexiones, necesariamente breves, intentan ofrecer nuestra visión introductoria del tema, de cara a lo que cabe entender y, por supuesto, esperar de dicha disciplina en nuestro medio. Las hemos expuesto en innumerables ocasiones y a lo largo de los años que tenemos en la vida docente. En esta ocasión, las presentamos por escrito y sin ninguna pretensión de que no sea la ofrecida por un simple artículo de opinión. El lector señalara la pertinencia o no de las mismas

The use of cosmic muons in detecting heterogeneities in large volumes

The muon intensity attenuation method to detect heterogeneities in large matter volumes is analyzed. Approximate analytical expressions to estimate the collection time and the signal to noise ratio, are proposed and validated by Monte Carlo simulations. Important parameters, including point spread function and coordinate reconstruction uncertainty are also estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures, submetted to NIM

Peramorphosis, an evolutionary developmental mechanism in neotropical bat skull diversity

Background The neotropical leaf‐nosed bats (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) are an ecologically diverse group of mammals with distinctive morphological adaptations associated with specialized modes of feeding. The dramatic skull shape changes between related species result from changes in the craniofacial development process, which brings into focus the nature of the underlying evolutionary developmental processes. Results In this study, we use three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics to describe, quantify, and compare morphological modifications unfolding during evolution and development of phyllostomid bats. We examine how changes in development of the cranium may contribute to the evolution of the bat craniofacial skeleton. Comparisons of ontogenetic trajectories to evolutionary trajectories reveal two separate evolutionary developmental growth processes contributing to modifications in skull morphogenesis: acceleration and hypermorphosis. Conclusion These findings are consistent with a role for peramorphosis, a form of heterochrony, in the evolution of bat dietary specialists

Studying soil moisture at a national level through statistical analysis of NASA NLDAS data

The purpose of this research is to enable better understanding of current environmental conditions through the relations of environmental variables to the historical record. Our approach is to organize and visualize land surface model (LSM) outputs and statistics in a web application, using the latest technologies in geographic information systems (GISs), web services, and cloud computing. The North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) (http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/nldas/; Documentation: ftp://hydro1.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/s4pa/NLDAS/README.NLDAS2.pdf) drives four LSM (e.g., Noah) (http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/nldas/NLDAS2model.php) that simulate a suite of states and fluxes for central North America. The NLDAS-2 model output is accessible via multiple methods, designed to handle the outputs as time-step arrays. To facilitate data access as time series, selected NLDAS-Noah variables have been replicated byNASA as point-location files. These time series filesor 'data rods' are accessible through web services. In this research, 35-year historical daily cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) are constructed using the data rods for the top-meter soil moisture variable. The statistical data are stored in and served from the cloud. The latest values in the Noah model are compared with the CDFs and displayed in a web application. Two case studies illustrate the utility of this approach: the 2011 Texas drought, and the 31 October 2013 flash flood in Austin, Texas

Low-temperature oxidation effects on the morphological and structural properties of hexagonal Zn nanodisks

Ambient-atmosphere oxidation in the temperature range of 90-450 C was performed over Zn films composed by well-faceted hexagonal nanodisks, which were deposited by thermal evaporation. Morphological and structural properties of oxidized Zn nanodisks were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering measurements. It was found that Zn nanodisks keep its original shape only when they are annealed at 90 or 150 C. Smooth oxidation ocurred only on the rectangular faces of Zn nandodisks heated at 150 C. Thermal oxidation at 250 C favored growth of ZnO nanoneedles over the surface of the Zn nanodisks. Hexagonal-shape of Zn nanodisks was transformed completely into a complex morphology composed by different shaped particles, with further increase in oxidation temperature to 450 C

An horizon scan of biogeography

The opportunity to reflect broadly on the accomplishments, prospects, and reach of a field may present itself relatively infrequently. Each biennial meeting of the International Biogeography Society showcases ideas solicited and developed largely during the preceding year, by individuals or teams from across the breadth of the discipline. Here, we highlight challenges, developments, and opportunities in biogeography from that biennial synthesis. We note the realized and potential impact of rapid data accumulation in several fields, a renaissance for inter-disciplinary research, the importance of recognizing the evolution-ecology continuum across spatial and temporal scales and at different taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional levels, and re-exploration of classical assumptions and hypotheses using new tools. However, advances are taxonomically and geographically biased, and key theoretical frameworks await tools to handle, or strategies to simplify, the biological complexity seen in empirical systems. Current threats to biodiversity require unprecedented integration of knowledge and development of predictive capacity that may enable biogeography to unite its descriptive and hypothetico-deductive branches and establish a greater role within and outside academia

Strictly Toral Dynamics

This article deals with nonwandering (e.g. area-preserving) homeomorphisms of the torus $\mathbb{T}^2$ which are homotopic to the identity and strictly toral, in the sense that they exhibit dynamical properties that are not present in homeomorphisms of the annulus or the plane. This includes all homeomorphisms which have a rotation set with nonempty interior. We define two types of points: inessential and essential. The set of inessential points $ine(f)$ is shown to be a disjoint union of periodic topological disks ("elliptic islands"), while the set of essential points $ess(f)$ is an essential continuum, with typically rich dynamics (the "chaotic region"). This generalizes and improves a similar description by J\"ager. The key result is boundedness of these "elliptic islands", which allows, among other things, to obtain sharp (uniform) bounds of the diffusion rates. We also show that the dynamics in $ess(f)$ is as rich as in $\mathbb{T}^2$ from the rotational viewpoint, and we obtain results relating the existence of large invariant topological disks to the abundance of fixed points.Comment: Incorporates suggestions and corrections by the referees. To appear in Inv. Mat