Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003–2008

Background: The American Heart Association (AHA), Institute of Medicine (IOM), and US Departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Guidelines for Americans all recommend that Americans limit sodium intake and choose foods that contain potassium to decrease the risk of hypertension and other adverse health outcomes. Objective: We estimated the distributions of usual daily sodium and potassium intakes by sociodemographic and health characteristics relative to current recommendations. Design: We used 24-h dietary recalls and other data from 12,581 adults aged $20 y who participated in NHANES in 2003–2008. Estimates of sodium and potassium intakes were adjusted for withinindividual day-to-day variation by using measurement error models. SEs and 95$51 y or persons with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease), 98.8% (98.4%, 99.2%) overall consumed .1500 mg/d, and 60.4% consumed .3000 mg/d—more than double the recommendation. Overall, ,2% of US adults and w5% of US men consumed $4700 mg K/d (ie, met recommendations for potassium). Conclusion: Regardless of recommendations or sociodemographic or health characteristics, the vast majority of US adults consume too much sodium and too little potassium

Comparative transcriptome reveal the potential adaptive evolutionary genes in Andrias davidianus

Abstract To search the evidence of molecular evolution mechanism for aquatic and cave habitat in Andrias davidianus, the evolution analysis was carried out among several species transcriptome data. The transcriptome data of Notophthalmus viridescens, Xenopus tropicalis, Cynops pyrrhogaster, Hynobius chinensis and A. davidianus were obtained from the Genbank and reassembled except Xenopus tropicalis. The BLAST search of transcriptome data obtained 1244 single-copy orthologous genes among five species. A phylogenetic tree showed A. davidianus to have the closest relationship to H. chinensis. Fourteen positively selected genes were detected in A. davidianus and N. vridescens group and fifteen in A. davidianus and H. chinensis group. Five genes were shared in the both groups which involved in the immune system, suggesting that A. davidianus adaptation to an aquatic and cave environment required rapid evolution of the immune system compared to N. viridescens and H. chinensis

ADVANCEMENT IN PREPARATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE/BIOGLASS GRADED COATINGS BY ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION

Electrophoretic deposition is a good method in the preparation of hydroxyapatite/bioglass graded coatings. Its processing parameters are easy to be operated. As it is nonbeeline process, it can be used in the deposition of complex shape and porous surface. This paper reviewed the advancement of the graded coatings in recent years, concluded the principles, characters, steps of electrophoretic deposition of bioceramic coatings and analyzed influencing factors in detail, such as granularity of suspension, aging of suspension, dispersion media, PH of suspension, electricity, voltage, deposition time, pretreatment of substrate and sintering. The foreground of hydroxyapatite/bioglass graded coatings is expected.Electrophoretic deposition, hydroxyapatite, bioglass, graded coatings

THE TARGET MORPHOLOGY DURING PULSED LASER DEPOSITION OF HYDROXYAPATITE THIN FILMS

A modified surface layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) target was observed before and after pulsed laser deposition. Two types of HA targets were used for laser ablation. We observed that the surface morphology of the target has a very fine compacted grain structure and presents many irregularities with some microroughness and microporosity before laser ablation. The laser ablated regions can be divided into two areas: one area is porous and rough but the other is dense and smooth. The percentage of particles in the films was high for the films produced with targets that were sintered at 1200°C.Pulsed laser deposition, target, morphology, hydroxyapatite, films

APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION IN THE COATING AND POROUS MATERIALS FABRICATIONS

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a good method in the fabrication of the coating materials. Its processing parameters are easy to be operate. It is a nonbeeline process and can be used in the deposition on complex shape and porous surface. It has been widely used in many ways. This paper reviews the principles and fabrication steps of EPD and points out the influencing factors. The developments of EPD in the fabrication of materials, such as solid surface coatings, porous structure materials and gradient materials, are introduced in detail. The future of the application of EPD is also discussed.Electrophoretic deposition, coating, film, porous materials, gradient materials

Additional file 1: of Comparative transcriptome reveal the potential adaptive evolutionary genes in Andrias davidianus

Figure S1. Phylogenetic tree of selected species based on 1244 single-copy orthologous genes. (TIFF 212 kb

Additional file 2: of Comparative transcriptome reveal the potential adaptive evolutionary genes in Andrias davidianus

Table S1. Orthologs gene under positive selection among species. (DOCX 18 kb

The BDNF Val66Met modulates the Dark Triad: empathic concern and aggression as mediators

Objectives Empathy and aggression are features of the Dark Triad. They are linked to the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. Here, we investigated the relationships between this polymorphism and the Dark Triad traits. Methods We genotyped the BDNF Val66Met of 698 college students and measured personalities of the Dark Triad, self-report empathy, and aggression with scales of the Short Dark Triad, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Buss and Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire, respectively. Results The Met/Met genotype of the BDNF Val66Met was related to higher scores on Machiavellianism and narcissism as compared with the Val carriers. The association between the BDNF Val66Met and Machiavellianism was mediated by aggression and empathic concern, while the association between this polymorphism and narcissism was only mediated by aggression. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of the BDNF Val66Met to the Dark Triad and reveals psychobiological pathways where aggression and empathic concern mediate the link between the BDNF gene and the Dark Triad