Problems and Countermeasures of Collective Land Ownership Disputes in Beijing

In 2010, No. 1 document of central government demanded strengthening mediation and settlement of ownership of rural collective land, to complete confirmation of right and registration and issue of certificate of rural collective land in 3 years. However, the mediation and settlement of land ownership in China still remain at starting stage, and there are many problems in both theory and practice. In this situation, this paper summarizes current situations of disputes about ownership of collective land in Beijing, analyzes causes of disputes, introduces existing working mechanism, methods and problems of dispute mediation and settlement, and finally presents feasible recommendations, in the hope of providing guidance for mediation and settlement of land ownership disputes

An inverse causal association between genetically predicted vitamin D and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk

AimObservational studies have reported that levels of vitamin D were associated with the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the relationship between them may have been confounded in previous studies. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the risk of COPD by two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.MethodsSummary statistics for 25OHD and COPD in this study were obtained from the EBI (n = 496,946) consortium and Finn (n = 187,754) consortium. MR was adopted to explore the effect of the genetically predicted levels of 25OHD on the risk of COPD. Based on three assumptions of MR analysis, inverse variance weighting was used as the main analysis. To make our results more robust and reliable, MR Egger’s intercept test, Cochran’s Q test, funnel plot, and “leave-one-out” sensitivity analysis were used to assess the potential pleiotropy and heterogeneity in this study. Then, colocalization analysis and MR Steiger approaches were used to estimate the possible directions of estimates between them. Finally, we analyzed the causal associations between the four core genes (DHCR7, GC, CYP2R1, and CYP24A1) of vitamin D and the levels of 25OHD or the risk of COPD.ResultsOur results showed that each 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in the genetically predicted 25OHD level was associated with a 57.2% lower relative risk of COPD [odds ratio (OR): 0.428, 95% Cl: 0.279–0.657, p = 1.041 × 10−4], and the above association was also verified by maximum likelihood (OR: 0.427, 95% Cl: 0.277–0.657, p = 1.084 × 10−4), MR–Egger (OR: 0.271, 95% CI: 0.176–0.416, p = 2.466 × 10−4), MR-PRESSO (OR: 0.428, 95% Cl: 0.281–0.652, p = 1.421 × 10−4) and MR-RAPS (OR: 0.457, 95% Cl: 0.293–0.712, p = 5.450 × 10−4). Furthermore, colocalization analyses (rs3829251, PP.H4 = 0.99) and MR Steiger (“TRUE”) also showed a reverse association between them. Besides, the core genes of vitamin D also showed similar results except for CYP24A1.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence for a reverse association between genetically predicted 25OHD levels and COPD risk. Taking measures to supplement 25OHD may help reduce the incidence of COPD