The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2-7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam's science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.In France was provided by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Human resources were provided in part by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and universities. Funding was provided in the US by NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Some funding of data analyses at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was provided by laboratory-directed research and development funds

X-ray absorption evidence for a new type of niobium mineralisation in laterites

Subsession: 7gO1 - Mineral-scale analysis and geochemistry in service of Economic GeologySymposium Session: 7g - Mineral-scale analysis and geochemistry in service of Economic GeologyTheme: Theme 07: Energy and ResourcesInternational audienceNiobium (Nb) is a critical element with a wide range of technological applications for which Brazil has a near-monopoly on world supply [1]. Brazilian lateritic deposits are considered to be formed by in situ accumulation of resistant niobium host minerals such as pyrochlore and columbite under intense supergene weathering of primary magmatic rocks enriched in niobium. Nonetheless, evidence of such resistance during lateritic alteration are lacking and the contribution of other niobium host minerals remains to be determined.The study of the Madeira lateritic deposit (Amazonas, Brazil) combining bulk mineralogy and geochemistry, chemical mapping and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy highlights the alteration of primary Nb-bearing minerals and the occurrence of Nb-enriched Fe and Ti oxides in the laterite. Along the weathering profile, Nb is hosted by columbite, hematite and anatase. The alteration of columbite in the most weathered horizons releases Nb that incorporates into neoformed hematite and anatase accounting for the total niobium bulk content (ca 800 ppm).The comparison with various Nb-rich laterites worldwide shows that a single model cannot explain the formation of niobium deposits. We propose a second model in which Nb is trapped by secondary oxides after the weathering of primary Nb-bearing minerals. The world largest Nb deposit, (Morro Dos Seis Lagos) exhibits Nb-enriched Fe and Ti oxides [2] and may thus be formed through similar processes.In this context of uncertainty of supply sources and commitment to reduce and reuse mining wastes, our detailed characterization of Nb ore minerals with XANES techniques will help to improve ore processing in order to enhance Nb recovery from active mines [3] and develop recovery from scrap and waste materials [4].[1] European Commission (2020), Study on the EU’s list of Critical Raw Materials – Final Report..[2] Giovannini et al. (2017), Ore Geology Reviews 88, 461-480.[3] Černý and Ercit (1989), Lanthanides, Tantalum and Niobium. Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, vol. 7.[4] Sanchez-Seguado et al. (2017) Scientific Reports, 7:18016

X-ray absorption evidence for a new type of niobium mineralisation in laterites

Subsession: 7gO1 - Mineral-scale analysis and geochemistry in service of Economic GeologySymposium Session: 7g - Mineral-scale analysis and geochemistry in service of Economic GeologyTheme: Theme 07: Energy and ResourcesInternational audienceNiobium (Nb) is a critical element with a wide range of technological applications for which Brazil has a near-monopoly on world supply [1]. Brazilian lateritic deposits are considered to be formed by in situ accumulation of resistant niobium host minerals such as pyrochlore and columbite under intense supergene weathering of primary magmatic rocks enriched in niobium. Nonetheless, evidence of such resistance during lateritic alteration are lacking and the contribution of other niobium host minerals remains to be determined.The study of the Madeira lateritic deposit (Amazonas, Brazil) combining bulk mineralogy and geochemistry, chemical mapping and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy highlights the alteration of primary Nb-bearing minerals and the occurrence of Nb-enriched Fe and Ti oxides in the laterite. Along the weathering profile, Nb is hosted by columbite, hematite and anatase. The alteration of columbite in the most weathered horizons releases Nb that incorporates into neoformed hematite and anatase accounting for the total niobium bulk content (ca 800 ppm).The comparison with various Nb-rich laterites worldwide shows that a single model cannot explain the formation of niobium deposits. We propose a second model in which Nb is trapped by secondary oxides after the weathering of primary Nb-bearing minerals. The world largest Nb deposit, (Morro Dos Seis Lagos) exhibits Nb-enriched Fe and Ti oxides [2] and may thus be formed through similar processes.In this context of uncertainty of supply sources and commitment to reduce and reuse mining wastes, our detailed characterization of Nb ore minerals with XANES techniques will help to improve ore processing in order to enhance Nb recovery from active mines [3] and develop recovery from scrap and waste materials [4].[1] European Commission (2020), Study on the EU’s list of Critical Raw Materials – Final Report..[2] Giovannini et al. (2017), Ore Geology Reviews 88, 461-480.[3] Černý and Ercit (1989), Lanthanides, Tantalum and Niobium. Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, vol. 7.[4] Sanchez-Seguado et al. (2017) Scientific Reports, 7:18016

Singular atomic-scale processes controlling niobium behaviour in highly-weathered regolith

International audienc

Singular atomic-scale processes controlling niobium behaviour in highly-weathered regolith

International audienc

Comparison of British and French expatriate doctors’ characteristics and motivations

International audienceObjective: The aim of this study was to analyse the migration of doctors between the UK and France, in an attempt to identify the reasons for these migrations. Design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted using a self-completed questionnaire. Setting: The questionnaire was sent to all British doctors practising in France and to all French doctors practising in the UK. Participants: The doctors were identified, thanks to official data of the National Medical Councils. There were 244 French doctors practising in the UK and 86 British doctors practising in France. Outcome measures: A questionnaire was specifically developed for the study to determine the reasons why doctors moved to the other country and their level of satisfaction with regard to their expatriation

Conservatoire des Données 3D SHS

aLTAG3D est un logiciel libre développé par le Consortium 3D SHS pour la génération d'archive à long terme de projets 3D compatible avec les services du CINES. http://altag3d.huma-num.fr/ Archivage des donnés 3D et métadonnées au CINE

Increasing burden of noninfectious lung disease in persons living with HIV: a 7-year study using the French nationwide hospital administrative database

IF 12.242International audienceAn overall reduction in the incidence of AIDS and a change in the spectrum of lung disease have been noticed in persons living with HIV (PLHIV). Our aim was to provide an epidemiological update regarding the prevalence of lung diseases in PLHIV hospitalised in France.We analysed the prevalence of lung disease in PLHIV hospitalised in France from 2007 to 2013, from the French nationwide hospital medical information database, and assessed the association between HIV and incident noninfectious disease over 4 years of follow-up.A total of 52 091 PLHIV were hospitalised in France between 2007 and 2013. Among PLHIV hospitalised with lung disease, noninfectious lung diseases increased significantly from 45.6% to 54.7% between 2007 and 2013, whereas the proportion of patients with at least one infectious lung disease decreased significantly. In 2010, 10 067 prevalent hospitalised PLHIV were compared with 8 244 682 hospitalised non-PLHIV. In 30-49-year-old patients, HIV infection was associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic respiratory failure, emphysema, lung fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) even after adjustment for smoking.The emergence of noninfectious lung disease, in particular COPD, emphysema, lung fibrosis, PAH and chronic respiratory disease, in PLHIV would justify mass screening in this population

Comparison of the characteristics, morbidity, and mortality of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza: a nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study

International audienceBackground: To date, influenza epidemics have been considered suitable for use as a model for the COVID-19 epidemic, given that they are respiratory diseases with similar modes of transmission. However, data directly comparing the two diseases are scarce. Methods: We did a nationwide retrospective cohort study using the French national administrative database (PMSI), which includes discharge summaries for all hospital admissions in France. All patients hospitalised for COVID-19 from March 1 to April 30, 2020, and all patients hospitalised for influenza between Dec 1, 2018, and Feb 28, 2019, were included. The diagnosis of COVID-19 (International Classification of Diseases [10th edition] codes U07.10, U07.11, U07.12, U07.14, or U07.15) or influenza (J09, J10, or J11) comprised primary, related, or associated diagnosis. Comparisons of risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes between patients hospitalised for COVID-19 and influenza were done, with data also stratified by age group. Findings: 89 530 patients with COVID-19 and 45 819 patients with influenza were hospitalised in France during the respective study periods. The median age of patients was 68 years (IQR 52–82) for COVID-19 and 71 years (34–84) for influenza. Patients with COVID-19 were more frequently obese or overweight, and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia than patients with influenza, whereas those with influenza more frequently had heart failure, chronic respiratory disease, cirrhosis, and deficiency anaemia. Patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 more frequently developed acute respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, septic shock, or haemorrhagic stroke than patients with influenza, but less frequently developed myocardial infarction or atrial fibrillation. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with COVID-19 than in patients with influenza (15 104 [16·9%] of 89 530 vs 2640 [5·8%] of 45 819), with a relative risk of death of 2·9 (95% CI 2·8–3·0) and an age-standardised mortality ratio of 2·82. Of the patients hospitalised, the proportion of paediatric patients (<18 years) was smaller for COVID-19 than for influenza (1227 [1·4%] vs 8942 [19·5%]), but a larger proportion of patients younger than 5 years needed intensive care support for COVID-19 than for influenza (14 [2·3%] of 613 vs 65 [0·9%] of 6973). In adolescents (11–17 years), the in-hospital mortality was ten-times higher for COVID-19 than for influenza (five [1·1% of 458 vs one [0·1%] of 804), and patients with COVID-19 were more frequently obese or overweight. Interpretation: The presentation of patients with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza requiring hospitalisation differs considerably. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is likely to have a higher potential for respiratory pathogenicity, leading to more respiratory complications and to higher mortality. In children, although the rate of hospitalisation for COVID-19 appears to be lower than for influenza, in-hospital mortality is higher; however, low patient numbers limit this finding. These findings highlight the importance of appropriate preventive measures for COVID-19, as well as the need for a specific vaccine and treatment. Funding: French National Research Agency

Identify how and when 3D data is produced. Choose 3D file formats for archiving. Define a robust process for producing 3D data and preserving it

3D is now commonly used for Cultural Heritage study, valorization and preservation. The gathered experiences make possible to define standard processes and practices to ensure data quality and their preservation. Under the supervision of the French national infrastructure for digital humanities (Huma-Num), the 3D Consortium has thus defined a life cycle of such data from creation up to archiving. It was part of its missions that are: bring together groups working in the field of archaeology and cultural heritage and with experience of using 3D technologies and producing 3D models; define the vocabulary associated with 3D technologies for HSS; develop specific open-source 3D tools; disseminate good practices and commissioning a conservatory dedicated to 3D data. We have formalized the different steps of data life Cycle. The first step consists in collecting data production from capture device (laser scanner, digital camera…). Such data which are denominated A0. The second step consists in processing the data (cleaning, meshing,…) to create the initial models V0. Finally, new modeling may be added to add new hypotheses for the restitution. This step may be iterated creating V1n versions up to the V2 that is the final version. A supplementary step may be added when valorization is considered. All versions from A0, V0 up to V2 are candidates for archiving. We have formalized this process with a sequential graph that introduces a metadata new schema dedicated to the long-term archiving of 3D models for HSS. We have also created a software aLTAG 3D, that leverage the usual complexity of documentation to create metadata and of checking that the 3D files are suitable for archiving. It creates an archive that can be pushed to the CINES – the French national infrastructure for high-performance computer, and for long-term digital preservation