Pengaruh Elektrolisis Terhadap Rendemen Minyak Jarak Yang Dihasilkan Pada Proses Pembuatan Biodiesel

The use of jatropha oil as a source of raw material for making biodiesel is needed in order to decrease the production cost of biodiesel, since jatropha oil is categorized as non edible fat. In this research, the biodiesel production process by using an electrochemical reactor has been done. At the beginning of treatment, carried out the hydrolysis of oil by using HrS04 with acid and oil volume ratio is 1: 20. At follow-up treatment, carried out the decarboxylation via electrolysis. This process is done by varying the voltage of 0 V, 10 V,20 V,30 V,the variation of the concentration of 0.5 M acetic acid. 1 M, 1.5 M, as well as the distance between the electrodes in the reactor 5em and 10 em. From the experiments shown that electrolysis with voltage parameters, acidic electrolyte solution. and electrode spacing affects the yield of decarboxylation process. Electrolysiswith 1.5 M acetic acid concentration and voltage of 30 volts per cent obtained the highest biodiesel yield of compound that is 70.432% in the reactor with inter-electrode distance of 5cm. While in the reactor with inter-electrode distance of 10 cm. thehighest yield was 53.372% by reacting the oil with 1.5 M acetic acid and voltage 30 Volt

Konsep ‘Irfan Dalam Sajak-sajak Imam Khomeini

Imam Khomeini (1902 M—1989 M) adalah sosok sufi yang produktif yang banyak menulis buku-buku bertema ‘irfan. Ia menggunakan istilah ‘irfan, bukan tasawuf, karena dalam mazhab Syi'ah istilah ‘irfan lebih populer ketimbang tasawuf. Sejak usia muda Imam Khomeini sudah menulis dan mengamalkan ajaran sufi. Pemikirannya tentang ‘irfan banyak dituangkan dalam bentuk sajak sufistik. Sajak merupakan media bagi Imam Khomeini untuk menyampaikan kerinduannya kepada Allah. Jenis ‘irfan dalam pandangan Imam Khomeini cenderung simbolik dan menggunakan ungkapan-ungkapan filosofis. ‘Irfan dan filsafat dalam pandangan Imam Khomeini tidak terpisah. Bahkan jika dikelompokkan, maka model ‘irfan Imam Khomeini adalah ‘irfan atau tasawuf falsafi

Tasawuf Sebagai Terapi Atas Problem Spiritual Masyarakat Modern

Munculnya problema spiritual yang dialami manusia modern saat ini, bermula dari hilangnya visi keilahian yang disebabkan oleh manusia modern itu sendiri, yang senantiasa bergerak makin menjauh dari pusat eksistensi. Untuk itu, tidak ada alternatif yang lebih baik dalam menjawab krisis spiritualitas yang telah menimbulkan berbagai penyakit spiritual saat ini, kecuali manusia modern harus kembali ke pusat eksistensi. Asumsi dasar tentang manusia yang terdiri dari asperk jasmani dan ruhani, material dan spiritual, adalah dimensi yang lengkap yang dapat menjadi alternaif bagi manusia modern mengatasi penyakit spiritual. Keduanya sejatinya berjalan seiring, saling melengkapi. Melalui dimensi spiritual manusia dituntut untuk kembali ke pusat eksistensi melalui dzawq atau cita rasa hati, musyahadah (menyaksikan) dan ma‟rifah (mengenal segala yang tidak tampak. Dari sisi eksternal, pendidikan tasawuf merupakan pendidikan diri yang harus dilakukan dengan USAha-USAha yang sungguh-sungguh terhadap aspek spiritual

Konsep Ahlul Al-Kitab dalam Al-Qur'an Menurut Penafsiran Muhammed Arkoun dan Nurcholish Madjid (sebuah Telaah Perbandingan)

Term “Islam” yang diungkapkan dalam al-Qur'an terdapat 23 ayat yang tersebar pada 13 surat. Dan ungkapan-ungkapan tersebut mengandung makna yang berbeda-beda.Makna yang terkandung dalam kata “Islam” di dalam al-Qur'an diantaranya mengandung makna: Menundukkan wajah, berserah diri, suci bersih, salam sejahtera, perdamaian.Sedangkan kedudukan Islam dalam al-Qur'an antara lain adalah sebagai wahyu ilahi, sebagai agama nabi dan rasul, sebagai hukum-hukum Allah, sebagai jalan yang lurus, sebagai jalan keselamatan dunia dan akhirat, sebagai agama yang benar, sebagai agama yang sempurna

Field measurements of trace gases and aerosols emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Nino

Abstract. Peat fires in Southeast Asia have become a major annual source of trace gases and particles to the regional–global atmosphere. The assessment of their influence on atmospheric chemistry, climate, air quality, and health has been uncertain partly due to a lack of field measurements of the smoke characteristics. During the strong 2015 El Niño event we deployed a mobile smoke sampling team in the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan on the island of Borneo and made the first, or rare, field measurements of trace gases, aerosol optical properties, and aerosol mass emissions for authentic peat fires burning at various depths in different peat types. This paper reports the trace gas and aerosol measurements obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, whole air sampling, photoacoustic extinctiometers (405 and 870 nm), and a small subset of the data from analyses of particulate filters. The trace gas measurements provide emission factors (EFs; grams of a compound per kilogram biomass burned) for up to  ∼  90 gases, including CO2, CO, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons up to C10, 15 oxygenated organic compounds, NH3, HCN, NOx, OCS, HCl, etc. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of the smoke sources ranged from 0.693 to 0.835 with an average of 0.772 ± 0.053 (n  =  35), indicating essentially pure smoldering combustion, and the emissions were not initially strongly lofted. The major trace gas emissions by mass (EF as g kg−1) were carbon dioxide (1564 ± 77), carbon monoxide (291 ± 49), methane (9.51 ± 4.74), hydrogen cyanide (5.75 ± 1.60), acetic acid (3.89 ± 1.65), ammonia (2.86 ± 1.00), methanol (2.14 ± 1.22), ethane (1.52 ± 0.66), dihydrogen (1.22 ± 1.01), propylene (1.07 ± 0.53), propane (0.989 ± 0.644), ethylene (0.961 ± 0.528), benzene (0.954 ± 0.394), formaldehyde (0.867 ± 0.479), hydroxyacetone (0.860 ± 0.433), furan (0.772 ± 0.035), acetaldehyde (0.697 ± 0.460), and acetone (0.691 ± 0.356). These field data support significant revision of the EFs for CO2 (−8 %), CH4 (−55 %), NH3 (−86 %), CO (+39 %), and other gases compared with widely used recommendations for tropical peat fires based on a lab study of a single sample published in 2003. BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) are important air toxics and aerosol precursors and were emitted in total at 1.5 ± 0.6 g kg−1. Formaldehyde is probably the air toxic gas most likely to cause local exposures that exceed recommended levels. The field results from Kalimantan were in reasonable agreement with recent lab measurements of smoldering Kalimantan peat for “overlap species,” lending importance to the lab finding that burning peat produces large emissions of acetamide, acrolein, methylglyoxal, etc., which were not measurable in the field with the deployed equipment and implying value in continued similar efforts. The aerosol optical data measured include EFs for the scattering and absorption coefficients (EF Bscat and EF Babs, m2 kg−1 fuel burned) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) at 870 and 405 nm, as well as the absorption Ångström exponents (AAE). By coupling the absorption and co-located trace gas and filter data we estimated black carbon (BC) EFs (g kg−1) and the mass absorption coefficient (MAC, m2 g−1) for the bulk organic carbon (OC) due to brown carbon (BrC). Consistent with the minimal flaming, the emissions of BC were negligible (0.0055 ± 0.0016 g kg−1). Aerosol absorption at 405 nm was  ∼  52 times larger than at 870 nm and BrC contributed  ∼  96 % of the absorption at 405 nm. Average AAE was 4.97 ± 0.65 (range, 4.29–6.23). The average SSA at 405 nm (0.974 ± 0.016) was marginally lower than the average SSA at 870 nm (0.998 ± 0.001). These data facilitate modeling climate-relevant aerosol optical properties across much of the UV/visible spectrum and the high AAE and lower SSA at 405 nm demonstrate the dominance of absorption by the organic aerosol. Comparing the Babs at 405 nm to the simultaneously measured OC mass on filters suggests a low MAC ( ∼  0.1) for the bulk OC, as expected for the low BC/OC ratio in the aerosol. The importance of pyrolysis (at lower MCE), as opposed to glowing (at higher MCE), in producing BrC is seen in the increase of AAE with lower MCE (r2 =  0.65)

Wireless Sensor Network for Forest Fire Detection

 Forest fires are one of problems that threaten sustainability of the forest. Early prevention system for indications of forest fires is absolutely necessary. The extent of the forest to be one of the problems encountered in the forest condition monitoring. To overcome the problems of forest extent, designed a system of forest fire detection system by adopting the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using multiple sensor nodes. Each sensor node has a microcontroller, transmitter/receiver and three sensors. Measurement method is performed by measuring the temperature, flame, the levels of methane, hydrocarbons, and CO2 in some forest area and the combustion of peat in a simulator. From results of measurements of temperature, levels of methane, a hydrocarbon gas and CO2 in an open area indicates there are no signs of fires due to the value of the temperature, methane, hydrocarbon gas, and CO2 is below the measurement in the space simulator

Development of eco-tourism strategy using swot analysis: case study of Bayung Gede village

Bayung Gede Village is one chosen village to be developed as tourism village. However, due to observation result conducted by researcher, Bayung Gede village still has no tourism village development strategy design. This research aims to formulate appropriate strategy to be implemented in Bayung Gede village. Strategy formulation based on SWOT-4K matrices and performed by using TOWS matrices. From the research result, found that Bayung Gede village is in prime condition to expand its market and to develop product also has a lot of opportunities which can be utilized to develop tourism village. By development of Bayung Gede village to be tourism village, it would be able to increase village revenue and welfare