Sexually Dimorphic Ontogenetic Trajectories of Frontal Sinus Cross Sections

In this paper, we analyze a large published data set1 of cross sections of frontal sinuses of 3 to 11-year-olds (105 males and 87 females) from Central Europe to investigate several issues relating to frontal sinus ontogeny. Despite a large variation in every one year age cohort, we detect no asymmetry of the left average versus the right average frontal sinus lobe cross-sectional areas in the population, neither for males nor for females. The growth rate is shown to be nonuniform and differs between males and females. We demonstrate the use of a sigmoid function interpolation to characterize one aspect of ontogeny, namely, the functional relation between the cross-sectional area of the frontal sinus and the age of the individual. Ontogenetic trajectories of these crosssectional areas are remarkably well modeled by a sigmoid function (logistic curve) with suitably estimated parameters for development up to an age of 11 years (females) and 9 years (males). However, these developmental curves also reliably predict the average adult cross-sectional area at age 19 (99% for females, 95% for males). Apart from possible inadequacies of the data set, we also discuss the possibility of heterochrony in the ontogenetic trajectory before versus after puberty

Orofacial Analysis on the Adriatic Islands: 1. The Island of Hvar as a Model for Odontogenetic Researches

This paper presents a preliminary orofacial analysis of a subadult population of Hvar, a Croatian island in the Adriatic. Its population represents one of the last genetic isolates in Europe and has therefore been the object of intensive crossdisciplinary research over the last 30 years.We focussed on the coefficient of endogamy on the one hand and malocclusal-related caries on the other hand, and expected differences in the latter between subgroups of the population. We analyzed 224 dental casts from children all over the island and found multiple caries in approximal surfaces in 55 percent of the children, but no significant differences between the subpopulations. Instead, significantly more caries affection was found in the boys than in the girls. The percentage of general caries affection is fairly high, even when compared to other isolated populations; it may be due to environmental influence. This would be consistent with the other results, which have putatively been caused by complex environmental influences and not solely by genetic components

Variation in paranasal pneumatisation between Mid-Late Pleistocene hominins

There is considerable variation in mid-late Pleistocene hominin paranasal sinuses, and in some taxa distinctive craniofacial shape has been linked to sinus size. Extreme frontal sinus size has been reported in mid-Pleistocene specimens often classified as Homo heidelbergensis, and Neanderthal sinuses are said to be distinctively large, explaining diagnostic Neanderthal facial shape. Here, the sinuses of fossil hominins attributed to several mid-late Pleistocene taxa were compared to those of recent H. sapiens. The sinuses were investigated to clarify differences in the extent of pneumatisation within this group and the relationship between sinus size and craniofacial variation in hominins from this time period. Frontal and maxillary sinus volumes were measured from CT data, and geometric morphometric methods were used to identify and analyse shape variables associated with sinus volume. Some mid

Objective Sexiness? Using the Statistics of Feature Extraction Algorithm Outcomes to Determine the Sexiness of Images of Nude Women during Pornography Casting

In this paper, we pursue the goal of finding an objective measure of sexiness of the naked female in an (adequately standardized) image of her while she is intent on eliciting sexual desirability (arousal) in the presumed viewer; we compare it with the objective measure of sexual desirability of her face when posing clothed. The data set consists of images of 15 women posing for selection in a casting (selection) session for participation in pornographic films; we can thus confidently assume that each female wants to appear as sexy as possible. We use AI-based feature extraction algorithms, implemented in software, to analyze feature vectors of the images. The women’s apparent sexiness can be determined via statistical analysis. We argue that the feature extraction software we use supplies a clustering of these image feature vectors, implying an objective measure of the women’s sexiness. We use such clustering, which implies a software-derived rating, but not ranking, when contrasting the ratings of these images by 50 men and 50 women. We argue that, as with the case of a protractor used to measure angles, objectivity can be derived by feature extraction, but not ranking by various human raters. Rather, the statistics of ratings by the men and women inform us of their personal evaluation of sexiness. These statistics of objective sexiness can then be used to infer (statistical) properties of the raters’ personal sexiness perceptions and arousal response against our proposed constructed reference standard

"Ouch!" or "Aah!": Are Vocalizations of 'Laugh', 'Neutral', 'Fear', 'Pain' or 'Pleasure' Reliably Rated?

Our research consisted of two studies focusing on the probability of humans being able to perceive the difference between valence of human vocalizations of high (pain, pleasure and fear) and low intensity (laugh and neutral speech). The first study was conducted online and used a large sample (n=902) of respondents. The second study was conducted in a laboratory setting and involved a stress induction procedure. For both, the task was to categorize whether the human vocalization was rated positive, neutral or negative. Stimuli were audio records extracted from freely downloadable online videos and can be considered semi-naturalistic. Each rating participant (rater) was presented with five audio records (stimuli) of five females and of five males. All raters were presented with the stimuli twice (so as to statistically estimate the consistency of the ratings). Using a Bayesian statistical approach, we could test for consistencies and due-to-chance probabilities. The outcomes support the prediction that the results (ratings) are repeatable (not due to chance) but incorrectly attributed, decreasing the communication value of the expressions of fear, pain, and pleasure. Stress induction (in study two conducted on 28 participants) did have an impact on the ratings of male neutral and laugh – it caused decrease in correct attribution

Determination of “Neutral”–“Pain”, “Neutral”–“Pleasure”, and “Pleasure”–“Pain” Affective State Distances by Using AI Image Analysis of Facial Expressions

(1) Background: In addition to verbalizations, facial expressions advertise one’s affective state. There is an ongoing debate concerning the communicative value of the facial expressions of pain and of pleasure, and to what extent humans can distinguish between these. We introduce a novel method of analysis by replacing human ratings with outputs from image analysis software. (2) Methods: We use image analysis software to extract feature vectors of the facial expressions neutral, pain, and pleasure displayed by 20 actresses. We dimension-reduced these feature vectors, used singular value decomposition to eliminate noise, and then used hierarchical agglomerative clustering to detect patterns. (3) Results: The vector norms for pain–pleasure were rarely less than the distances pain–neutral and pleasure–neutral. The pain–pleasure distances were Weibull-distributed and noise contributed 10% to the signal. The noise-free distances clustered in four clusters and two isolates. (4) Conclusions: AI methods of image recognition are superior to human abilities in distinguishing between facial expressions of pain and pleasure. Statistical methods and hierarchical clustering offer possible explanations as to why humans fail. The reliability of commercial software, which attempts to identify facial expressions of affective states, can be improved by using the results of our analyses