Aligning the Peatland Code with the UK Peatland Inventory [Final report]

The updated report, released March 2023, presents the results of research to update and expand the Peatland Code including updating existing Peatland Code Emission Factors to align them with the UK Peatland Inventory; investigating the potential to include new reporting categories in the Code; and assessing opportunities for improved emissions reporting

Written evidence: The invisibility of adult social care and its consequences

Adult social care is not so much invisible as ignored. The sector is chronically underfunded and undervalued, leading to a fragmented, dysfunctional system in which service users’ needs are unmet and workforce’s issues unrecognised. Resolving the invisibility of adult social care requires major changes, including transforming the public perception of adult social care, substantial investment in the workforce, and addressing the funding deficit. The invisibility of adult social care exacerbates the stigma experienced by people drawing on care services and their carers. Individuals belonging to marginalised groups are impacted by this to a greater extent. The current purpose of adult social care as defined by the Care Act is too narrow, reinforcing the notion of invisibility. The key challenges for the future are: ageing without children, availability of informal care, housing, the economics of care and the sustainability of the adult social care workforce. True integration of health and social care (from access to delivery) could reverse the fragmentation of the care sector and enable people to access the support they need when they need it

Mechanistic home range analysis reveals drivers of space use patterns for a non-territorial passerine

1. Home ranging is a near-ubiquitous phenomenon in the animal kingdom. Understanding the behavioural mechanisms that give rise to observed home range patterns is thus an important general question, and mechanistic home range analysis (MHRA) provides the tools to address it. However, such analysis has hitherto been restricted to scent-marking territorial animals, so its potential breadth of application has not been tested. 2. Here, we apply MHRA to a population of long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus), a non15 territorial passerine, in the non-breeding season where there is no clear “central place” near which birds need to remain. The aim is to uncover the principal movement mechanisms underlying observed home range formation. 3. Our foundational models consist of memory-mediated conspecific avoidance between flocks, combined with attraction to woodland. These are then modified to incorporate the effects of flock size and relatedness, to uncover the effect of these on the mechanisms of home range formation. 4. We found that a simple model of spatial avoidance, together with attraction to the central parts of woodland areas, accurately captures long-tailed tit home range patterns. Refining these models further, we show that the magnitude of spatial avoidance by a flock is negatively correlated to both the relative size of the flock (compared to its neighbour) and the relatedness of the flock with its neighbour. 5. Our study applies MHRA beyond the confines of scent-marking, territorial animals, so paves the way for much broader taxonomic application. These could potentially help uncover general properties underlying the emergence of animal space use patterns. This is also the first study to apply MHRA to questions of relatedness and flock size, thus broadening the potential possible applications of this suite of analytic techniques

Polarity, cell division, and out-of-equilibrium dynamics control the growth of epithelial structures

The growth of a well-formed epithelial structure is governed by mechanical constraints, cellular apico-basal polarity, and spatially controlled cell division. Here we compared the predictions of a mathematical model of epithelial growth with the morphological analysis of 3D epithelial structures. In both in vitro cyst models and in developing epithelial structures in vivo, epithelial growth could take place close to or far from mechanical equilibrium, and was determined by the hierarchy of time-scales of cell division, cell-cell rearrangements, and lumen dynamics. Equilibrium properties could be inferred by the analysis of cell-cell contact topologies, and the nonequilibrium phenotype was altered by inhibiting ROCK activity. The occurrence of an aberrant multilumen phenotype was linked to fast nonequilibrium growth, even when geometric control of cell division was correctly enforced. We predicted and verified experimentally that slowing down cell division partially rescued a multilumen phenotype induced by altered polarity. These results improve our understanding of the development of epithelial organs and, ultimately, of carcinogenesi

Emerging threats and opportunities to managed bee species in European agricultural systems: a horizon scan

Managed bee species provide essential pollination services that contribute to food security worldwide. However, managed bees face a diverse array of threats and anticipating these, and potential opportunities to reduce risks, is essential for the sustainable management of pollination services. We conducted a horizon scanning exercise with 20 experts from across Europe to identify emerging threats and opportunities for managed bees in European agricultural systems. An initial 63 issues were identified, and this was shortlisted to 21 issues through the Horizon Scanning process. These ranged from local landscape-level management to geopolitical issues on a continental and global scale across seven broad themes - Pesticides & pollutants, Technology, Management practices, Predators & parasites, Environmental stressors, Crop modification, and Political & trade influences. While we conducted this Horizon Scan within a European context, the opportunities and threats identified will likely be relevant to other regions. A renewed research and policy focus, especially on the highest-ranking issues, is required to maximise the value of these opportunities and mitigate threats to maintain sustainable and healthy managed bee pollinators within agricultural systems