Understanding the Relationship Between Procurement Practices and the Utilization of Forced Labor

This literature review examines the relationship between procurement practices and the utilization of forced labor. As businesses strive to reduce expenses, one of the most significant areas of expenditure is labor. In forced labor, individuals are exploited and coerced into doing jobs or providing services for which they have not voluntarily undertaken. Globally, there are millions trapped in forced labor who are tied to their positions through debt bondage, threats, or fraud. Analysis of the determinants of forced labor, as well as possible techniques for mitigating it, will aid in the battle to end forced labor. A variety of literature sources about forced labor and supply chain management were used in the analysis. This paper discusses the roots of forced labor, supply chain practices and forced labor usage, and the future of forced labor. Within the roots of forced labor, the supply and demand drivers of forced labor are reviewed, as well as its political and institutional reinforcements. Supply chain management practices can be viewed in terms of forced labor mitigation with an understanding of product and labor supply chains, supplier-buyer power dynamics, strategic sourcing strategies, and supplier relationship management. In the future of combatting forced labor in supply chains, there should be a focus on establishing strong reporting standards, government intervention, and consumer awareness. As the structures that facilitate forced labor usage are recognized, they can be broken down to give exploited individuals freedom. As the effort to eradicate forced labor becomes globally united, the structures that facilitate its use can be broken down to give exploited individuals freedom

The moderating effects of evaluation apprehension and group goals on social loafing

The social loafing effect, that subjects work harder alone than in groups, was contrasted against the use of two motivational techniques. Subjects were 80 undergraduate students at a midwestern university. A 2 x 2 factorial design was employed contrasting the use of group goals with the salience of evaluation apprehension. Subjects, working in groups of four, were asked to generate possible uses for common objects during two timed work periods. Results provided support for an Interaction Hypothesis: that group goal or evaluation apprehension conditions are sufficient to increase performance over a social loafing replication condition. However, the actual presence of evaluation apprehension and social loafing was questioned. The study also supports the contention that goals and evaluation pressure may contain similar motivational elements

Sea level measurement using single GNSS antenna SNR signals

This thesis presents a possible method to calculate sea level variation using geodetic-quality Global Navigate Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. Three antennas are used: two small antennas and a choke ring one, analyzing only Global Positioning System signals. The main goal of the thesis is to test a modified configuration for antenna set up. In particular, measurements obtained tilting one antenna to face the horizon are compared to measurements obtained from antennas looking upward. The location of the experiment is a coastal environment nearby the Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden. Sea level variations are obtained using periodogram analysis of the SNR signal and compared to synthetic gauge generated from two independent tide gauges. The choke ring antenna provides poor result, with an RMS around 6 cm and a correlation coefficients of 0.89. The smaller antennas provide correlation coefficients around 0.93. The antenna pointing upward present an RMS of 4.3 cm and the one pointing the horizon an RMS of 6.7 cm. Notable variation in the statistical parameters is found when modifying the length of the interval analyzed. In particular, doubts are risen on the reliability of certain scattered data. No relation is found between the accuracy of the method and weather conditions. Possible methods to enhance the available data are investigated, and correlation coefficient above 0.97 can be obtained with small antennas when sacrificing data points. Hence, the results provide evidence of the suitability of SNR signal analysis for sea level variation in coastal environment even in the case of adverse weather conditions. In particular, tilted configurations provides comparable result with upward looking geodetic antennas. A SNR signal simulator is also tested to investigate its performance and usability. Various configuration are analyzed in combination with the periodogram procedure used to calculate the height of reflectors. Consistency between the data calculated and those received is found, and the overall accuracy of the height calculation program is found to be around 5 mm for input height below 5 m. The procedure is thus found to be suitable to analyze the data provided by the GNSS antennas at Onsala

Informed Consent in Washington: Expanded Scope of Material Facts That the Physician Must Disclose to His Patient

Part I of this comment charts the current contours of the informed consent doctrine and traces the general pro-plaintiff shift which has developed since Washington recognized the tort a decade ago. The model used to illustrate this shift is a continuum, with the poles representing doctrinal and social policy choices favorable either to the plaintiff-patient or to the defendant-physician. Part II examines the expanded scope of the physician\u27s duty to disclose material facts. This comment posits that the material facts which the physician must disclose to his patient are the risks involved in a proposed treatment, the alternatives to the proposed treatment, and any physical abnormalities discovered by the physician that may indicate danger to the patient. Finally, Part III considers the medical and legal implications occasioned by the pro-plaintiff shift of the doctrine and by the expanded scope of required disclosure. Special emphasis is placed on the prospect of recovering damages for a mistaken diagnosis under an informed consent theory. This comment concludes that the recent rapid expansion of the informed consent doctrine threatens to upset the decisional balance between patient and physician established by traditional malpractice law. The decision whether that expansion is to be encouraged or discouraged should rest on carefully considered policy choices, not the recent trend of exploiting the doctrine\u27s malleability by characterizing traditional malpractice claims in informed consent terms

Problematika Pembebanan Uang Pengganti dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi

Tindak pidana korupsi merupakan kejahatan ekonomi yang luar biasa (extra ordinery crime) karena korupsi tidak hanya menyebabkan kerugian keuangan negara, namun berimplikasi kepada pelanggaran hak-hak sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat secara luas yang dapat mendatangkan kemiskinan bagi masyarakat dan merusak perekonomian negara sehingga penanganannya harus pula melalui cara-cara yang luar biasa. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk mengungkap apa saja yang merupakan problematika pembebanan uang pengganti sebelum, pada saat dan setelah persidangan dan bagaimana cara mengatasi problematika tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan pendekatan yuridis empiris, hal ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui berlakunya suatu norma dalam putusan pengadilan khususnya terhadap kasus pembebanan uang pengganti dalam putusan di Pengadilan Tipikor. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa penanganan perkara tindak pidana korupsi telah dilakukan secara luar biasa akan tetapi masih terdapat problem menyangkut perampasan aset yang belum ada payung hukumnya, penyitaan asset, dan audit perhitungan kerugian keuangan negara yang tidak sampai kepada tataran mengalirnya uang dan Persepsi Jaksa Eksekutor atas amar putusan Hakim. Kata Kunci: Problematika Uang Pengganti; Pembebanan Uang Pengganti; Tindak Pidana Korups

Interview with Robert L. Rauzi, Lawyer in Knox County

Robert L. Rauzi, a lawyer and developer, and twenty-four year resident of Knox County discusses his job and the community. He discusses how the majority of his cases were farmers, and how he has dealt with farmers in various aspects of his job. He also states that he believes Knox County actually hasn\u27t changed that much in twenty-four years and probably won\u27t. He speaks of the strength of Knox County\u27s community in detail.https://digital.kenyon.edu/ffp_interviews/1016/thumbnail.jp

Refinement of mouse protocols for the study of platelet thromboembolic responses in vivo

Mouse models of thromboembolism are frequently used to investigate platelet function in vivo and, according to European Union (EU) legislation, must be conducted in the context of replacement, refinement and reduction. We have previously developed a refined real-time mouse model of thromboembolism as an alternative to models of thromboembolic mortality which inflict considerable pain and suffering. Real-time monitoring involves infusion of radiolabelled platelets into the circulation of anaesthetized mice, and platelet aggregation is measured as increases in platelet-associated counts in the pulmonary vasculature following injection of platelet agonists. This gives a definitive data set on the tissue localization and extent of platelet activation. We developed an additional, more simplistic alternative to mortality models based on blood microsampling which entails the measurement of circulating platelet counts following agonist stimulation. Blood microsamples were collected from the tail vein of anaesthetized mice at three different time points leading to a reduction in animal numbers. Platelet counts significantly dropped 1 minute after stimulation with collagen or thrombin and were restored over 10 minutes. These results correlate with those obtained via real-time monitoring and were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Pre-treatment of mice with aspirin significantly inhibited the decrease in platelet counts following collagen. These data suggest that blood microsampling may be implemented as a simplistic refined alternative to mortality models of thromboembolism when specialized monitoring equipment, or use of radioactive isotopes for real-time monitoring, which remains the ‘gold standard’, is not feasible. Microsampling refines and reduces animal procedures in compliance with current EU legislatio

Analisis Penerapan Konsep Mitigasi Tsunami pada Hardscape Taman Kota (Studi Kasus: Taman Krueng Neng)

Krueng Neng Park is one of the city parks in Banda Aceh which is located on the banks of the Kampong Lamjame river, Jaya Baru District, Banda Aceh. This park with an area of 1.52 ha is one part of the Green Open Space (RTH) development. its location on the banks of the Surin River is the main attraction of this park. Krueng Neng Park is one of the parks that was affected by the tsunami wave in 2004. Due to its location in an area designated as a tsunami mitigation-based area, Krueng Neng Park needs to apply the concept of tsunami mitigation. The existence of the Krueng Neng park raises questions for researchers, especially regarding the hardscape application of the tsunami mitigation concept that exists in the Krueng Neng park, based on the applicable standardization principles. With the aim of analyzing the application of the existing tsunami mitigation concept to the Krueng Neng park, and recommending an appropriate tsunami mitigation concept to the Krueng Neng park