CHARACTERIZATION OF HONEY: DETERMINATION OF METAL AND SUGAR CONTENT

In this study, five samples of honey (4 from various beekeepers and 1 from a local supermarket) were analyzed to determine the presence of Pb, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, As, Ni and Se content using atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples were collected from the following locations: 2 from Skopje, 2 from Kumanovo and 1 from Preshevo, Srbia. HPLC was applied to determine sugars in honey samples. Acid and moisture were also determined. The average values of concentration were from 0.033 to 0.055 mg/kg, 0.610to 2.498 mg/kg, 0.052 to 0.377 mg/kg, 2.133 to 3.474 mg/kg, 0.060 to 1.034 mg/kg, 0.005to 0.019 mg/kg, and 0.067 to 0.085 mg/kg for Pb, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Cr, and Zn, respectively. Cadmium was determined in one sample (0.040 mg/kg), while the presence of arsenic, nickel and selenium were not observed. The total amount of reductive sugars was within the standard value of min 60 g/100 g honey. The moisture was from 16.6 to 17.6% (max 20%). The acid content was recorded from 9 to 28mEq/1 kg honey (max 50mEq/1 kg honey). The results were compared with the safety standards established from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy. In general, the analyzed parameters are within the standards and honey can serve as good dietary source

Mediterranean winter rainfall in phase with African monsoons during the past 1.36 million years

Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately1 and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial–interglacial cycles2,3 with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36 million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance

Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти основ національної безпеки України

Поповська, А. А. Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти основ національної безпеки України = Criminal liability for crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine : магістерська робота ; спец. 081 “Право“ / А. А. Поповська ; наук. кер. О. П. Сікорський. – Миколаїв : НУК, 2021. – 95 с.Поповська А. А. Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти основ національної безпеки України. Актуальність теми дослідження відображається у злочинах проти основ національної безпеки України, які являються найбільш небезпечними посяганнями на суспільні відносини, оскільки останні забезпечують державну безпеку, обороноздатність, незалежність країни та її конституційний лад. Зокрема, без відповідної кримінально-правової охорони даної сфери соціальних відносин недопустиме нормальне функціонування держави та належних її інститутів в цілому. Тому, метою дослідження є загальний кримінально-правовий аналіз злочинів проти основ національної безпеки України, а також вивчення міжнародного досвіду у сфері забезпечення основ національної безпеки з метою їх імплементації. Магістерська робота складається з трьох розділів. В першому розділі досліджено історичний розвиток кримінального законодавства стосовно злочинів проти основ національної безпеки України. В другому розділі проаналізовано кримінально-правовий аналіз складів злочинів проти основ національної безпеки України. У третьому розділі розглянуто міжнародний досвід у сфері забезпечення основ національної безпеки та запобігання вчиненню злочинів проти основ національної безпеки України. Результати роботи або окремих положень проблеми національної безпеки України останніми роками є предметом активної дискусії серед вітчизняних та іноземних політиків та науковців. Список використаних джерел містить 91 найменувань. Загальний обсяг роботи – 95 сторінок.Popovska A. A. Criminal liability for crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine. The relevance of the research topic reflected in the crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine are the most dangerous encroachments on public relations, which ensure state security, defense, independence of the country and its constitutional order. In particular, without proper criminal law protection of these social relations, the normal functioning of the state and its proper institutions in general will be inadmissible. Therefore, the purpose of the study is a general criminal law analysis of crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine, as well as to study international experience in ensuring the foundations of national security in order to implement them. The master's thesis consists of three sections. The first section examines the historical development of criminal law on crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine. The second section analyzes the criminal law analysis of crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine. The third section examines international experience in ensuring the foundations of national security and preventing the commission of crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine. The results of the work or certain provisions of the presented problems of national security of Ukraine in recent years are the subject of active discussion among domestic and foreign politicians and scientists. The list of used sources contains 91 names. The total volume of the work is 95 pages

Global synthesis of sea turtle von Bertalanffy growth parameters through Bayesian hierarchical modeling

Knowledge of sea turtle demographic rates is central to modeling their population dynamics, but few studies have quantitatively synthesized existing data globally. Here, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model to conduct a meta-analysis of published von Bertalanffy growth curve parameters (growth coefficient, K; asymptotic length, L∞) for chelonid sea turtles. We identified 34 studies for 5 of 6 extant chelonids that met minimum selection criteria. We implemented a suite of models that included a multivariate normal likelihood on the log-transformed values of the 2 parameters to evaluate the influence of species, population (regional management unit, RMU), parameter estimation method (mark-recapture, skeletochronology, length-frequency analysis), latitude, and sampled body size range (all sizes, no large, no small, no large or small) on growth parameter estimates. According to information criteria, the best model included a random effect of species. The second best model also included latitude as a fixed effect, but RMU, parameter estimation method, latitude, and sampled body size ultimately did not strongly influence the means or variances of K and L∞ among studies. The apparent lack of RMU effect on parameter estimates within species may be an artifact of the small number of RMUs with published growth parameter estimates. The species-specific, and in some cases RMU-specific, posterior means and standard deviations of K and L∞ from this study would be appropriate priors for future studies of growth in chelonid sea turtles or for models of population dynamics. We highlight the need for expanded study and synthesis of sea turtle somatic growth rates

ORAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

Aim: To make comparative evaluation of objective oral clinical findings and subjective oral symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing various therapeutic treatments, and to find possible link between subjective symptoms and objective clinical findings. Material and methods: We examined 90 patients with chronic renal failure divided into three groups: patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis, patients with CRF without hemodialysis and serum creatinine <120μmol / L and patients with renal transplantation. Swab for Candida Albicans was taken from the oral mucosa. Oral changes were followed on the entire mucosal surface of the oral cavity and were classified into subjective and objective findings. Results: Certain oral changes showed a predisposition to a particular group of patients, such as petechiae and ecchymoses in the dialysis group and gingival enlargement in transplant group. Coated tongue, thirst, pale oral mucosa and dry fissured lips were the most frequent oral symptoms and changes among all CRF patients independently in which group they have belonged. Significant association was found between xerostomia and coated tongue and between unpleasant taste and coated tongue in all studied patients. Conclusion: The stadium and consequently severity of chronic renal disease as well as the type of treatment have influence on the severity of the oral clinical finding