Interpretative Translation Theory and Its Evaluation by Russian and Foreign Translators and Translation Studies Scholars

This article analyzes the current status of the interpretative translation theory, which, compared to other translation theories, does not study the result of translation, with its dependence on multiple factors, but instead focuses on the process of translation, which does not differ depending on the language and remains the same for all types of translation and text types. The authors draw attention to the evaluation of this theory by various translation schools: French school, where the theory is universally acknowledged and accepted, taking into account the fact that this school is represented by E.S.I.T. (High School of Interpretation and Translation, Paris, France) graduates; former French colonies, where the French language has lost its influence but remains demanded in science and education (for instance, Vietnam), Canadian (English-speaking) and Russian translation schools. This work outlines the ambiguous attitude to the interpretative translation theory by many leading Russian scholars; certain discrepancies in its understanding by Canadian translation studies specialists, who pay more attention to translation issues and partially depart from the main principles of the interpretative theory. Besides, it studies the works of researchers from other countries, who have written their articles in English. The article analyzes both theoretical approaches and attitude to the interpretative translation theory of practicing translators and interpreters and provides their evaluation of this theory as a regularly applied translation technology

Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 Improves Dermal Wound Healing in Genetically Diabetic Mice

Oxidative stress is widely recognized as an important factor in the delayed wound healing in diabetes. However, the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in this process is unknown. It was assumed that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are involved in many wound-healing processes in both diabetic humans and animals. We have applied the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant 10-(6′-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) to explore the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the wound healing of genetically diabetic mice. Healing of full-thickness excisional dermal wounds in diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db−/db− mice was significantly enhanced after long-term (12 weeks) administration of SkQ1. SkQ1 accelerated wound closure and stimulated epithelization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularization. On the 7th day after wounding, SkQ1 treatment increased the number of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells (myofibroblasts), reduced the number of neutrophils, and increased macrophage infiltration. SkQ1 lowered lipid peroxidation level but did not change the level of the circulatory IL-6 and TNF. SkQ1 pretreatment also stimulated cell migration in a scratch-wound assay in vitro under hyperglycemic condition. Thus, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant normalized both inflammatory and regenerative phases of wound healing in diabetic mice. Our results pointed to nearly all the major steps of wound healing as the target of excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in type II diabetes

Metabolic Remodeling during Long-Lasting Cultivation of the Endomyces magnusii Yeast on Oxidative and Fermentative Substrates

In this study, we evaluated the metabolic profile of the aerobic microorganism of Endomyces magnusii with a complete respiration chain and well-developed mitochondria system during long-lasting cultivation. The yeast was grown in batches using glycerol and glucose as the sole carbon source for a week. The profile included the cellular biological and chemical parameters, which determined the redox status of the yeast cells. We studied the activities of the antioxidant systems (catalases and superoxide dismutases), glutathione system enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and reductase), aconitase, as well as the main enzymes maintaining NADPH levels in the cells (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase) during aging of Endomyces magnusii on two kinds of substrates. We also investigated the dynamics of change in oxidized and reduced glutathione, conjugated dienes, and reactive oxidative species in the cells at different growth stages, including the deep stationary stages. Our results revealed a similar trend in the changes in the activity of all the enzymes tested, which increased 2–4-fold upon aging. The yeast cytosol had a very high reduced glutathione content, 22 times than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and remained unchanged during growth, whereas there was a 7.5-fold increase in the reduced glutathione-to-oxidized glutathione ratio. The much higher level of reactive oxidative species was observed in the cells in the late and deep stationary phases, especially in the cells using glycerol. Cell aging of the culture grown on glycerol, which promotes active oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, facilitated the functioning of powerful antioxidant systems (catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione system enzymes) induced by reactive oxidative species. Moreover, it stimulated NADPH synthesis, regulating the cytosolic reduced glutathione level, which in turn determines the redox potential of the yeast cell during the early aging process

Metabolic Remodeling during Long-Lasting Cultivation of the Endomyces magnusii Yeast on Oxidative and Fermentative Substrates

In this study, we evaluated the metabolic profile of the aerobic microorganism of Endomyces magnusii with a complete respiration chain and well-developed mitochondria system during long-lasting cultivation. The yeast was grown in batches using glycerol and glucose as the sole carbon source for a week. The profile included the cellular biological and chemical parameters, which determined the redox status of the yeast cells. We studied the activities of the antioxidant systems (catalases and superoxide dismutases), glutathione system enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and reductase), aconitase, as well as the main enzymes maintaining NADPH levels in the cells (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase) during aging of Endomyces magnusii on two kinds of substrates. We also investigated the dynamics of change in oxidized and reduced glutathione, conjugated dienes, and reactive oxidative species in the cells at different growth stages, including the deep stationary stages. Our results revealed a similar trend in the changes in the activity of all the enzymes tested, which increased 2–4-fold upon aging. The yeast cytosol had a very high reduced glutathione content, 22 times than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and remained unchanged during growth, whereas there was a 7.5-fold increase in the reduced glutathione-to-oxidized glutathione ratio. The much higher level of reactive oxidative species was observed in the cells in the late and deep stationary phases, especially in the cells using glycerol. Cell aging of the culture grown on glycerol, which promotes active oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, facilitated the functioning of powerful antioxidant systems (catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione system enzymes) induced by reactive oxidative species. Moreover, it stimulated NADPH synthesis, regulating the cytosolic reduced glutathione level, which in turn determines the redox potential of the yeast cell during the early aging process

Meteors: A Delivery Mechanism of Organic Matter to the Early Earth

All potential exogenous pre-biotic matter arrived to Earth by ways of our atmosphere, where much material was ablated during a luminous phase called "meteors" in rarefied flows of high (up to 270) Mach number. The recent Leonid showers offered a first glimpse into the clusive physical conditions of the ablation process and atmospheric chemistry associated with high-speed meteors. Molecular emissions were detected that trace a meteor's brilliant light to a 4,300 K warm wake rather than to the meteor's head. A new theoretical approach using the direct simulation by Monte Carlo technique identified the source-region and demonstrated that the ablation process is critical in the heating of the meteor's wake. In the head of the meteor, organic carbon appears to survive flash heating and rapid cooling. The temperatures in the wake of the meteor are just right for dissociation of CO and the formation of more complex organic compounds. The resulting materials could account for the bulk of pre-biotic organic carbon on the early Earth at the time of the origin of life.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43257/1/11038_2004_Article_310535.pd

YB-1 promotes microtubule assembly in vitro through interaction with tubulin and microtubules

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>YB-1 is a major regulator of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. In addition to its role in transcription, YB-1 plays a key role in translation and stabilization of mRNAs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show here that YB-1 interacts with tubulin and microtubules and stimulates microtubule assembly <it>in vitro</it>. High resolution imaging via electron and atomic force microscopy revealed that microtubules assembled in the presence of YB-1 exhibited a normal single wall ultrastructure and indicated that YB-1 most probably coats the outer microtubule wall. Furthermore, we found that YB-1 also promotes the assembly of MAPs-tubulin and subtilisin-treated tubulin. Finally, we demonstrated that tubulin interferes with RNA:YB-1 complexes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results suggest that YB-1 may regulate microtubule assembly <it>in vivo </it>and that its interaction with tubulin may contribute to the control of mRNA translation.</p

Narrowing of EIT resonance in a Doppler Broadened Medium

We derive an analytic expression for the linewidth of EIT resonance in a Doppler broadened system. It is shown here that for relatively low intensity of the driving field the EIT linewidth is proportional to the square root of intensity and is independent of the Doppler width, similar to the laser induced line narrowing effect by Feld and Javan. In the limit of high intensity we recover the usual power broadening case where EIT linewidth is proportional to the intensity and inversely proportional to the Doppler width.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Integrative Analysis of Harpacticoid Copepod Fauna (Harpacticoida, Copepoda) in the South of Krasnoyarsk Krai: in Several Ergaki Nature Park Waterbodies and the Yenisei River

Фауна Harpacticoida Сибири изучена недостаточно. Впервые исследован состав фауны этих ракообразных нескольких водоемов на территории природного парка «Ергаки» и реки Енисей в черте города Красноярска, представлены данные по морфологии найденных видов и подвидов и их генетическим баркодам – нуклеотидным последовательностям фрагмента мтДНК СОI. В результате исследований в июле 2021 г. в природном парке «Ергаки» обнаружено шесть видов и подвидов ракообразных родов Pesceus, Bryocamptus, Maraenobiotus, Attheyella и Moraria; в Енисее найдены Maraenobiotus и Moraria, а также Harpacticella inopinata. Все таксоны обнаружены в пределах своих известных ареалов. Для пяти из них получены генетические баркоды, всего 25 последовательностей. Филогенетический анализ подтвердил генетическую близость H. inopinata и Attheyella nordenskioldii юга Красноярского края и озера Байкал (генетические дистанции 0,014–0,036), а также молекулярно-генетическую, но не морфологическую, однородность Maraenobiotus insignipes insignipes нескольких водоемов региона исследований (попарные генетические дистанции не превышали 0,008). Этот вид был наиболее распространенным на юге Красноярского края. Субэндемик озера Байкал H. inopinata был зарегистрирован только в Енисее. Полученные данные расширяют представления о фаунистическом, морфологическом и генетическом разнообразии Harpacticoida внутренних вод СибириThe crustacean fauna of Siberia, in particular the Harpacticoida, has not been studied sufficiently. For the first time, the composition of harpacticoid copepod fauna in several waterbodies in the Ergaki Nature Park and the Yenisei River near the city of Krasnoyarsk is examined, and the data on the morphology and genetic barcodes (nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA fragment COI) of the species and subspecies found are presented. In July 2021, six species and subspecies of harpacticoids of the Pesceus, Bryocamptus, Maraenobiotus, Attheyella and Moraria genera were found in the Ergaki Nature Park; Maraenobiotus, Moraria and Harpacticella inopinata were found in the Yenisei River. All taxa were found within the known distribution ranges. For five of them, genetic barcodes were obtained, a total of 25 sequences. A phylogenetic analysis confirmed the genetic closeness of H. inopinata and Attheyella nordenskioldii in the south of Krasnoyarsk Krai and Lake Baikal (genetic distances were 0.014–0.036), as well as molecular-genetic, but not morphological, homogeneity of Maraenobiotus insignipes insignipes from several waterbodies in the study site (pairwise genetic distances did not exceed 0.008). The latter species has been found the most common in the south of Krasnoyarsk Krai. H. inopinata, a subendemic of Lake Baikal, has been registered in the Yenisei River only. The data obtained broaden understanding of taxonomic, morphological and genetic diversity of the Harpacticoida fauna in Siberia’s inland water

Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome::Past, present and future

The rumen is a complex ecosystem composed of anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, fungi, methanogenic archaea and phages. These microbes interact closely to breakdown plant material that cannot be digested by humans, whilst providing metabolic energy to the host and, in the case of archaea, producing methane. Consequently, ruminants produce meat and milk, which are rich in high-quality protein, vitamins and minerals, and therefore contribute to food security. As the world population is predicted to reach approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, an increase in ruminant production to satisfy global protein demand is necessary, despite limited land availability, and whilst ensuring environmental impact is minimized. Although challenging, these goals can be met, but depend on our understanding of the rumen microbiome. Attempts to manipulate the rumen microbiome to benefit global agricultural challenges have been ongoing for decades with limited success, mostly due to the lack of a detailed understanding of this microbiome and our limited ability to culture most of these microbes outside the rumen. The potential to manipulate the rumen microbiome and meet global livestock challenges through animal breeding and introduction of dietary interventions during early life have recently emerged as promising new technologies. Our inability to phenotype ruminants in a high-throughput manner has also hampered progress, although the recent increase in “omic” data may allow further development of mathematical models and rumen microbial gene biomarkers as proxies. Advances in computational tools, high-throughput sequencing technologies and cultivation-independent “omics” approaches continue to revolutionize our understanding of the rumen microbiome. This will ultimately provide the knowledge framework needed to solve current and future ruminant livestock challenges